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61 pages 2 hours read

JoAnne Tompkins

What Comes After

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2021

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Symbols & Motifs

Isaac’s House

Content Warning: This section contains references to death and animal death.

The house that Isaac lives in symbolizes family: both the potential of healing and growth in family and the painful emptiness of loss within a family. Evangeline initially views the house as “huge, too huge for a single old man. It would have to have lots of empty rooms and at least one extra bed” (17). The house’s size and emptiness suggest that she may find a space in a world where she has rarely found anywhere to belong. The novel repeatedly describes the house as empty, and that emptiness represents the possibility of fullness and the physical manifestation of loss. The silence and emptiness of the house when Isaac returns from the funeral and again later when he returns from the hospital thematically emphasize The Power of Silence.

The silence resulting from the absence of family—at the beginning, Daniel’s absence, and at the end, the potential permanent absence of Evangeline and Emma—pushes Isaac to move beyond his grief. Notably, the upstairs is the emptiest space in the house: “We had little reason to think about the empty space above. Even the stairs to that level were hidden. Most of the home’s total volume existed unseen and unused” (25). The echoes of Daniel’s life reverberate in that upstairs throughout the novel: Isaac moves beyond Daniel’s death while physically upstairs in his house. The house’s description in the final chapter evokes the choice that Isaac must make between emptiness and grief or fullness and healing.

Rufus

The behavior of Isaac and Daniel’s dog, Rufus, both good and bad, is a motif for the thematic complexity of The Natural Explanations of Violence. Rufus connects to all the major characters: He was originally Daniel’s dog, and Isaac sees Daniel when he looks at Rufus; Evangeline struggles to trust people but trusts Rufus; and Isaac remembers how, in the weeks before Jonah and Daniel’s death, Rufus followed Jonah around the house and Jonah urged Rufus to kill the neighbor’s cat. Rufus also links to violence in killing the cat (and the fawn), in his potential aggression when Isaac takes him by surprise, and in his growling at Evangeline upstairs. Rufus’s death is peaceful but ushers in the violence of Emma’s birth. Rufus symbolizes natural violence that can simultaneously threaten and protect.

In addition, Rufus represents the supernatural. Jonah describes Rufus as “definitely a dog. But something else too. he’s always staring at you like he sees everything you’re hiding” (58). Isaac says of Rufus that “love d[oes]n’t dispel the strange disturbance that h[angs] about him. The dog kn[ows] things” (64), and when Evangeline waits in the yard, “she fe[els] it again, someone in the room next to the kitchen, looking out at her. Looking right into her eyes” (44). All three point-of-view characters sense and comment on an ability in Rufus to see beyond the present and beyond the natural world.

Light

The Divine Light is a major element of Quaker belief, and the novel includes several descriptions of emanating light or glowing, which all symbolize The Complex Nature of Belief as a theme. When Isaac is angry at God, he feels that God is “mock[ing] [him] with a morning light that f[alls] over the room like glowing rain, that li[ghts] the large veins of [his] hands” (87). Light represents the painful elements of belief: having to believe even within grief. When Jonah went to Quaker meetings, he saw “[a] light, a big glowing ball like a small sun” that fell into Friends before they spoke (265). However, when the light entered Jonah, he held it back, refused to speak, and never returned to the meetings. Jonah’s inner conflict didn’t allow him to channel the light and release it into the world. When Isaac asks Lorrie if Daniel was beautiful, she says, “Could I see Daniel’s Light? […] Yes” (397), to affirm the goodness within him despite his adolescent cruelty. When Isaac describes forgiving Peter, he says that he “h[olds] him in the Light, picture[s] him glowing with the Divine that still exist[s] in him” (354). Light symbolizes the power of forgiveness and of seeing the value in a person even in the wake of betrayal and lies. Finally, when Jonah affects Evangeline and Isaac in the Epilogue, he whispers to Evangeline’s spirit, “I am glowing. You are glowing. The entire world is aglow” (416). The light spreads from person to person, demonstrating the connectedness of life and the complexity of the Divine and faith.

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