67 pages • 2 hours read
R. F. KuangA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warnings: This book contains self-harm, recreational drug use and drug addiction, racism, classism, colorism, physical abuse, mental abuse, explicit wartime violence, explicit sexual violence, sexual assault, human experimentation, suicide, and genocide.
Sixteen-year-old Fang Runin, known as Rin, enters an examination room to take the Keju, an academy entrance exam. Across the Nikara Empire, more than 23,000 students simultaneously take the Keju, hoping to score into 3,000 academy spots. These spots are largely given to children of rich families who can afford tutoring. Only a few are given to students from Tikany, Rin’s small town in the southern Rooster Province.
The story flashes back to two years ago. Rin’s foster parents summon a matchmaker, who finds Rin a wealthy merchant “twice divorced and three times her age” (6). The Fangs are making this match for strategic gain: They were forced to adopt Rin after the Second Poppy War, when Empress Su Daji mandated the adoption of war orphans. They made Rin a shop girl and opium runner but were clear that she was burdensome.
After the meeting, Rin steals an opium packet and goes to Tutor Feyrik’s house. She pleads with Feyrik to tutor her for the Keju. Feyrik hesitates until Rin shows him the opium. Like many in Tikany, Feyrik has a drug addiction. He agrees to tutor Rin free of charge. Rin’s sole chance at escaping marriage is to test into the tuition-free military academy in Sinegard. Auntie Fang is frustrated, but Rin threatens to report her opium business to authorities if Auntie Fang forbids her from studying.
Rin sets a rigorous study schedule for herself. She finds Nikan’s long history of war entertaining: Most recently, there were two Poppy Wars between Nikan and a nearby island nation, the Federation of Mugen. During the second war, three warriors—known as the Trifecta—seized control of Nikan. The only known survivor of the Trifecta is the Vipress, Empress Su Daji, who has shakily ruled over Twelve Provinces and Twelve Warlords ever since. To cram as much as possible, Rin pours hot wax onto her arms to keep herself awake. A week after the test, results are posted: Rin achieved the highest score in Rooster Province and is admitted to Sinegard.
No one in Tikany is pleased that a shopgirl earned the top score on the Keju. The only person sorry to see Rin go is her foster brother Kesegi. On her three-week journey north with Feyrik, Rin realizes how little of the world she knows. In Sinegard, Rin is overwhelmed. Rin finds that the Academy, while insulated from the chaos of the city, is ruthless in its treatment of southerners: a handsome classmate, Yin Nezha, mocks Rin’s awe at a fancy building that turns out to be the outhouse.
Rin bids Feyrik a tearful farewell. He tells Rin that people at the Academy will try to break her and ostracize her, but she deserves her place. He warns her: “[D]on’t ever come back to the south. You’re better than that” (40). Returning to the registration line, Rin overhears Nezha making fun of Feyrik. Rin punches Nezha in the face. He rushes at her, but an Academy apprentice stops the fight.
The first-years are greeted by the grand master of the Academy, who introduces them to the six masters. During their first year, they will study Combat, Strategy, History, Weaponry, Linguistics, Medicine, and Lore. At the end of the year, they will undergo a Trial, and the masters will offer apprenticeships based on their evaluations: one-fifth of the class will not be selected.
A kind apprentice named Raban leads Rin and the two other female first-years to the dorm. One is Niang, a kindly girl with a mild northern accent. The other is Sring Venka, a cruel Sinegardian girl who immediately makes fun of Rin’s accent and dark skin.
Rin’s first class is with the Combat instructor Master Jun Loran. As Jun teaches them about ki, the bodily energy they must channel to fight, Rin realizes that the other students outmatch her in knowledge and abilities. In History, Master Yim dismisses Rin’s answer about how Nikan won the Second Poppy War as “propaganda they put in countryside textbooks” (52). A wiry-haired boy named Chen Kitay says that Nikan didn’t win the war: A western country named Hesperia intervened when the Federation of Mugen massacred a Nikara tributary named Speer, which produced Nikan’s most deadly fighting force. Rin thinks Nikan allowed the genocide of the Speerly people—dark-skinned, with a separate culture, religion, language, and script—to happen on purpose.
At lunch that day, Rin meets Kitay, who entered school a year early and has a photographic memory. Kitay says that while he, Nezha, and Venka grew up together, they have never been kind to him; he compliments Rin for giving Nezha a black eye, and the two form a tentative friendship. After lunch, an apprentice leads them to a garden for Lore, but the Lore Master never arrives. Nezha realizes that the garden is filled with poppy plants, which are used to make opium. Everyone panics and leaves, except for Rin and Kitay.
One morning before Combat in late autumn, the first-years see their absent Lore Master, Jiang Ziya, high in a tree. Jiang and Jun bicker until Jun knocks him from the tree and calls him a “lackwit.” Jiang leaves dramatically, “swinging his hips like a whorehouse dancer” (62). In the evenings, Jun’s apprentices host combat practice. There, Rin and Kitay watch as Nezha shows off an elaborate but useless combat sequence. Rin teases Nezha about his “dance” and Nezha challenges her to a duel. Rin agrees and deals him a humiliating blow to the groin. After this, lines are drawn among the first-years. Only Kitay sides with Rin. The others, terrified into submission by Nezha, mock Rin for her skin and accent.
The next week, Raban takes the first-years to the basement fighting pits where a famous fifth-year student, Altan Trengsin, is having a match. When Rin and Kitay see Altan, they realize he is a Speerly: His skin is darker than Rin’s and his eyes are scarlet. Raban says that Altan is the last of his race. Altan tidily defeats three challengers in a row. The next day, the first years are giddy over Altan. Only Nezha mocks him, echoing racist pseudoscience about Speerlies. Rin, who has experienced colorism at the Academy, empathizes with Altan.
In History, Kitay asks Master Yim if they can discuss Speer. Yim reviews the Nikara occupation of Speer. Rin asks if it’s true that Speerlies were fire shamans. Nezha and Yim mock her belief in Tikany’s “backward” myths. Kitay stands up for Rin, citing documentation of Speer’s affinity for fire and questioning why else the Federation would target Speer. Nezha and Yim double down, degrading Speerlies as “primitive drug-loving freaks” and “war-obsessed” (80). In Combat, Rin is paired with Nezha in sparring practice. They abandon the exercise to fistfight, and Jun pulls them apart. He suspends Nezha for a week but berates Rin at length for being “peasant trash” (84). He bans her from Combat class henceforth.
Rin is distressed by her expulsion from Combat, which she believes is tantamount to expulsion from the school. Kitay tries to comfort her, but Rin acutely feels the effects of the Academy’s classism.
That night, Rin wakes up covered in blood and rushes to the infirmary. A female assistant explains menstruation to Rin, who is horrified by the idea of having to undergo the process monthly. A female Medicine apprentice says the infirmary will give her a concoction that permanently kills the womb. When Rin inquires with the physician, he is pleased but warns her it will be incredibly painful. Rin takes the concoction without hesitation.
When Rin returns to class, she realizes that she must work harder than any other student. A month later, she scores at the top of her classes, second only to Kitay. Her favorite class is Strategy, where Master Irjah only gives praise when earned and doesn’t pander to Sinegardian elite. When Irjah gives the class wartime hypotheticals, Rin demonstrates a willingness to enact brutal, even inhumane tactics. Irjah pulls her aside to discuss her answers, and Rin admits that she confused tactics and strategies: A winning tactic could be a losing strategy if it sours the country against their rulers. Irjah tells Rin she would be a good Strategy apprentice.
Determined to get around Jun’s ban, Rin steals a book on ancient combat from the library and begins practicing the forms. She also studies fighting techniques at basement matches regularly—especially Altan’s.
These chapters build up the novel’s real-world inspiration, highlight key points in Rin’s character that intensify throughout the novel, and establish the social structures within Nikan.
The first chapters detail Nikan’s complicated history of violence and colonialism. Rin calls Nikan’s history “a highly entertaining saga of constant warfare” (16). Since the unification of the country by the Red Emperor, Nikan has been “a bloody mess” that is constantly “reunified, conquered, exploited, shattered, and then unified again” (17). Nikan is a fantasy replication of China—the racial “standard” of pale-faced Sinegardians roughly replicate the Han Chinese ethnicity. The horse-riding Northern “Hinterlanders” correspond to the Mongol Empire, the Federation of Mugen corresponds to the Empire of Japan, and Hesperia corresponds to western Europe. Speer bears similarities to both Taiwan and Hong Kong. Like Taiwan and Hong Kong relative to China, Speer has an independent culture and government. Rin “had grown up hearing stories upon stories about Speer” (79), mostly wild legends that exoticized the Speerly people. Nikan claims it brought “civilization” to Speer by colonizing it and disseminating their culture and religion, but in practice they believe themselves to be racially and ethnically superior. Cycles of occupation and colonization are thus complex: Nikan has been occupied and colonized by several countries, but they colonized and subjugated the Speerly people in turn.
Rin quickly exhibits a willingness to commit morally questionable acts. She extorts both friends and enemies. Rin uses Feyrik’s Addiction as a Tool of Control; she steals opium from Auntie Fang and exploits Feyrik’s “obvious greed” for the drug to convince him to tutor her for the Keju (13). Auntie Fang has exploited Rin through her life as a drug runner; Rin uses her knowledge of Auntie Fang’s smuggling business to extort her into letting Rin take the test.
As she studies for the Keju, Rin begins to associate pain with growth. She learns to inflict pain on herself to hone her focus, “dripping hot wax on her arm if she [nods] off” (22). The scars from these burns symbolize Rin’s willingness to cause harm for victory; they also foreshadow later instances of Rin tying pain to power. Rin’s burns foreshadow her pact with the Phoenix, who is driven by “fire and pain” (215). She abuses her body to hone her mind; this recurs when Rin poisons her womb to prevent menstruation from distracting her at Sinegard, and later, when she takes opium to call the Phoenix. In these chapters, she believes that her high Keju score justifies her actions: “She had bribed a teacher. She had stolen opium. She had burned herself, lied to her foster parents, abandoned her responsibilities at the store, and broken a marriage deal” (25). Ultimately, Rin always believes that her ends justify her means. This is something that Rin’s teachers Irjah and Jiang flag as a weakness: Jiang often tells Rin she is reckless and revengeful, and Irjah explains that strategies don’t work if they are so brutal that they turn the populace against you.
In these chapters, Rin encounters The Influence of Stories on Social Structures in the forms of classism and colorism. Even her humble hometown questions her integrity, as the idea of a “peasant” sincerely earning a top Keju score is absurd in Nikara society: “she was detained for an hour while the proctors tried to extract a cheating confession from her” (27). While the lower classes are told that the Keju is their path to upward social mobility, in actuality, it is designed to favor those with privilege. On her way to Sinegard, Rin realizes how different she is from those around her: Her hair is coarse while theirs is silky, her accent is slow while theirs is curt, and her skin is dark while theirs is light. She immediately finds Sinegard to be “a hostile, confusing city that [despises] southerners” (40). This feeling reaches its peak when Jun suspends Nezha but expels Rin from his class for similar behavior. Jun viciously attacks Rin for her upbringing, demonstrating deeply entrenched classism: “Every year we get someone like you, some country bumpkin who thinks that just because they were good at taking some test, they deserve my time and attention. […] [You] are just peasant trash” (84). Irjah acknowledges that Jun “thinks any student who isn’t descended from a Warlord isn’t worth his time” (101); however, even Irjah, who favors Rin, does not go out of his way to stand up for her.
This theme is also present in the conversations around Speer. Discussions of Speer and the Speerly people are driven by legends and propaganda. Nezha and Yim dehumanize the Speerlies, using derogatory language that reflects real-life pseudoscience historically used by colonizers against people of color. Even Rin, who is more conscious of Nikan’s racism, mostly thinks of Speerlies as mythical fire-wielding shamans. In later chapters, she learns that this was true; here, however, she is simply showing The Influence of Stories on Social Structures.
Rin realizes that moving forward, she must work exponentially harder than the children of the nobility. This is the mobilizing circumstance behind her overall ideology that the ends of her actions justify their means.
By R. F. Kuang
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