45 pages • 1 hour read
Rainer Maria RilkeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Brigge reads poetry in the National Library in Paris. Like everyone else in the room, he is absorbed in his book. He enjoys being amongst people reading, even though he is poor, and his clothes are wearing thin. Brigge prides himself on his cleanliness. Despite his poverty, he believes that his clean fingernails and clean (but worn) suit mean he can enter most places in Paris. Some poor people can see through his pretentions, however, even though they mostly continue to treat him as a gentleman. The attention of these "outcasts" (63) makes Brigge self-conscious and paranoid. Such encounters seem to happen at least once a day, but he feels safe in his room. Thinking about poetry, Brigge envies the poet's understanding of women. Brigge imagines himself as a poet, living alone in a house in the countryside and writing whenever and whatever he pleases. However, "things have turned out differently" (64), and he is now poor and alone in Paris.
Brigge envies the small shop owners who are able to pass the time in their stores by reading as they "don't worry about tomorrow" (65). He describes his world, in which poor people visit the Louvre museum to keep warm and blind old men push vegetable carts along the streets filled with tall adjoining houses, which seem on the brink of collapse. Inside these houses are rooms where, despite the dilapidated conditions, the "tenacious [lives]" (66) of previous tenants refuses to fade. Brigge is horrified that he recognizes himself in these rundown buildings. After running away from the buildings, he feels exhausted. He struggles to get home through the busy streets, filled with jeering, excited people pressing up against him. When he reaches his room, he sits in the cold and thinks about how he would live if he were wealthy. The chilling memory of a dying man in a café lingers in Brigge's thoughts. Brigge reminds himself that nothing has happened to him, even though he feels chased, tormented, and haunted. He worries that, in terms of his writing, he is on the cusp of a greatness that he may never quite achieve due to the "tiny thing that is missing" (68) from his work. He seeks solace in the poetry of Baudelaire and extracts from the Bible.
Brigge laments that his doctor does not understand him. The doctor prescribed a treatment of electroshock therapy for Brigge. When attending the appointment, Brigge studied the other patients and feared that his doctor had assumed him to be a poor outcast. Brigge studied the wounds and the bandages of the other patients while waiting hours for his appointment. When finally talking to the young doctor, Brigge had difficulty explaining the strangeness he feels, and, while waiting to be seen again, Brigge is terrorized by "the Big Thing" (71). The Big Thing is a festering, swelling part of Brigge's anxious psyche that appears to him in difficult moments. The worry overcame Brigge, and he ran from the doctor's office, then found himself roaming the streets of Paris in a daze. Now, Brigge is sucre that his illness is "not being treated sufficiently seriously" (72). According to Brigge, this unique illness identifies the specific fears of whoever it infects and then brings these memories, anxieties, and dreads to the infected person's immediate and unavoidable attention. Brigge notes the irony that he prayed to be returned to his childhood and that this illness has, instead, brought back all his childhood fears and terrors.
Feeling better, Brigge decides to visit the library to read poetry. As he passes through the streets, expecting to encounter some strange person, he sees a tall, lean man who moves in a manic, jerking fashion. The man suffers from St Vitus' Dance (scientifically known as Sydenham's chorea), which causes rapid, uncoordinated movements in the hands, feet, and face. Brigge is darkly fascinated by the man's movements and follows him along the street. He offers out his hand to help the man. They walk together but, overcome by his illness, the man jolts and judders violently then vanishes into the crowd. Brigge does not have the energy to follow him. He feels empty.
Brigge knows that many people would envy his opportunity to live in Paris, even though he is caught in a deep depression. Paris is "a great city, great and full of remarkable temptations" (76). These temptations have altered Brigge's worldview, to some degree. Brigge desperately wants to share his experiences with the world but does not feel that he has the opportunity to do so. His thoughts exist "only at the price of being alone" (76).
The horror of day-to-day life exists "in every particle of the air" (76), Brigge says, and people breath in this horrific air daily. These horrors then fester within the body until they can no longer be contained and they spill out "like a beetle that has been trodden on" (77). People try to stand up defiantly to these fears. While walking in the street, he sees the now-familiar death mask taken from a woman who drowned in the River Seine. The woman's face has a knowing smile that conveys peace and serenity. Brigge imagines the woman's life and the circumstances of her death. He watches old men feed birds with crumbs of cakes hidden in the pockets of their coats. The passing people get in the way of the men's pure act, meaning that only birds appear, rather than the angels that the men deserve to summon. Women, Brigge observes, feed the birds in a much less ritualistic, much less religious manner.
While reading, Brigge thinks about the nature of fame and celebrity and how the "loneliest and remotest of men" (79) can appropriate the name of a dead writer (a subtle reference to the Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen) to make their own identity. These people misunderstand the complexity of the "timelessly tragic poet" (80). Brigge thinks about the women in his past, particularly in his immediate family. He remembers his mother talking about his aunt, Ingeborg. Everyone in the family loved Ingeborg who died unexpectedly due to illness. His mother complained that she would never get over Ingeborg's death. Brigge would watch his mother pour through Ingeborg's possessions after Ingeborg's death, though she is convinced that everything is too complicated for her to understand. The young Brigge tried to reassure his mother by referring to the death of another of his aunts, Countess Ollegard Skeel, who "had burned to death trying to rearrange the flowers in her hair in a mirror lit by candles before a ball" (82). Ingeborg's death was harder for his mother to process, however. Brigge recalls a story about the days after Ingeborg's funeral. His mother's family, sat in the house during a period of mourning, saw Ingeborg's ghost pass through the room to serve the tea, just as she had done when she was alive. A dog excitedly ran to Ingeborg's ghost as the family watched in stunned silence.
Brigge remembers his mother and a time he came close to telling her about "the hand" (83) though, ultimately, he did not feel strong enough to do so. Later, he considered confiding the same story in his cousin Erik but again stayed silent. Instead, he decides to write it in his notebook. One winter, he recalls, when he was a small boy, he sat drawing at a table by lamplight. His French governess was sat beside him, absorbed in a book. Brigge dropped one of his pencils on the floor. He clambered down to the floor and fumbled in the darkness for the missing pencil. As his eyes adjust to the darkness, he studies his searching hand. Then, another hand suddenly appears as though it is coming out of the wall, searching and fumbling in a similar fashion. Brigge was horrified. He withdrew from the darkness and sat on his chair. As the governess tried to help him, he had no idea how to tell her what he had seen. He suddenly became aware that his future would be "full of inwardness and remaining silent" (85) as he struggled with the idea of telling anyone of the horror he had experienced.
A short time after the incident with the hand, Brigge became very sick. His fever became so intense that all he could do was scream. His family gathered around his bed. He remembers one evening, during a fit of screaming, when his mother returned from a glamorous ball, dressing in "her magnificent court gown" (86) and cradled him in her arms. His father, however, insisted that they return to the ball because the illness is not "anything serious" (86).
Brigge does not hesitate in describing his illnesses. His experiences as a child have marred him for the rest of his life and, even as an adult, he is seeking out ways in which he can make himself feel better. The doctors who treat him do not comfort him, however, and they prescribe difficult courses of treatment, such as electroshock therapy, which do nothing to help Brigge. His experiences at the doctors' surgery as he waits for the treatment are discombobulating. He is disorientated, confused, horrified, and anxious. In effect, the surgery waiting room is a microcosm for the wider world. Just as when Brigge is walking through the streets of Paris, he feels overwhelmed by his anxiety but wants to heal. He hyper-focuses on the people around him and studies their ailments and their problems in intricate detail. This obsession over pain and suffering is a definitive part of Brigge's personality. The city, the doctor’s surgery, and everywhere else he goes are similar because he—Brigge—is the common denominator. He seeks out the terrifying and the sick, whether on the streets of Paris or the waiting room of a medical institution. The same themes, ideas, and problems repeat everywhere because Brigge actively searches for them. His sickness is not physical and cannot be cured by electroshock treatment or medicines. Brigge's sickness is psychological, in that he refuses to look away from the suffering and pain he witnesses all around him. While others are willing to numb themselves to the misery of the world, Brigge is perpetually open and eager to understand this pain and take it on as his own, much to his own detriment.
A key part of Brigge's observations about the world include his depictions of the ambient, inescapable horror of modern existence. To illustrate this point, Brigge's notebooks juxtapose examples of grinding poverty with gothic-tinged scenes of horror. The depiction of ghosts, for example, speaks to a looming sense of dread, an awareness of an unknown world that has unknown intentions toward Brigge and cannot ever be truly understood. The ghosts appear in the corridors of lavish Danish castles, but the poor and the suffering of Paris convey a similar sense of dread. To Brigge, the poor people of Paris are equally as unsettling and equally as unknowable. The contexts could not be more different; the murky, luxurious corridors of the Danish castle contrast with the grimy, cold streets of Paris but the emotional result is the same. Whatever the situation, Brigge finds himself unsettled and uneasy. Given then two such different situations can create the same result, the implication of Brigge's writing is that the world is an unsettling place, wherever a person happens to be.
Brigge's anxious disposition is partially explained by the manner in which he was raised. He describes his parents (both of whom, by the time he reaches Paris, are dead) and shows how their different dispositions affected his development. When Brigge is sick, his mother dotes on him. She rushes home from a party to tend to her sick son, for example. The contrast with Brigge's father is stark. While his mother cradles him, his father looms in the background and impatiently waits for his wife to be finished with her display of affection. His father is portrayed as a cold and distant man who is masking the depths of emotion he feels. The death of Brigge's mother has a drastic impact on Brigge's father, but neither he nor Brigge has the emotional resolution needed to share their feelings with one another. Instead, Brigge is caught between the cloying affection of his mother and the repressed fear of his father. As a result, Brigge wants to connect with the world but struggles to deal with the repressed personality that he has inherited from his father.
By Rainer Maria Rilke