53 pages • 1 hour read
Allen EskensA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Chapter 23 breaks from the rest of the narrative, no longer telling the story from Joe’s point of view. It’s simply his assignment for his English class. Written in a different font, it’s a third-person account of a pivotal incident Carl experienced in Vietnam. It’s entitled “turning point assignment.” Carl and Virgil meet in Vietnam on September 23, 1967. They are in a squad under the leadership of Sergeant Gibbs, a man who “hid some serious psychological scars behind a mask of cruelty” (135). One day, Virgil and Carl find the racist and brutal Gibbs raping a young Vietnamese girl, but Gibbs says he is “interrogating a VC sympathizer” (144). He finishes and then orders Carl to likewise “interrogate” her, holding a revolver to his head. Carl refuses. Gibbs slits the girl’s throat and sets fire to the hut. Carl sees the girl’s fingers still moving as the burning hut crashes down.
Lila is in shock when she reads Joe’s assignment. Virgil confirmed the story and “said Carl was never the same after that day” (147). The fact that Carl wouldn’t rape under those circumstances—when ordered to by his army superior and with a revolver held to this head—suggests he would not rape Crystal either. Lila, who has been more reluctant to admit that Carl might be innocent, finally admits that perhaps someone else killed Crystal. The other options are Douglas the stepfather, Daniel the stepbrother, or the boyfriend, Andy. They decide to talk to Andy. Joe finally gets the courage to ask Lila out. She agrees and says that he can take her to see a play, The Glass Menagerie.
Lila and Joe speak with Andy, who works in an insurance agency in Golden Valley, Minnesota. He reveals that he still has nightmares about Crystal. Andy provides insights into Crystal’s family life. Douglas, although he was a religious nut, was far from angelic—for example, he got caught visiting a strip club by Danielle. He was emotionally abusive, using Bible verses to belittle Crystal. She hated him. Daniel was also unlikeable, for example always showing off new cars he’d get to drive from his dad’s car lot.
Andy says the prosecutor misinterpreted Crystal’s diary and the reason she was upset. One night, Andy and Crystal took one of the cars from Douglas’ lot for a joyride, crashing it into a police car. They fled the scene. Crystal lost one of her glasses’ lenses in the incident, however. She and Andy were planning to replace the lens so that nobody would notice, so she hid the broken glasses. Then suddenly they were gone. She called Andy on September 21, worried that somebody had found the glasses and knew they were behind the hit-and-run. After that “she got weird and distant” and avoided Andy (158). He didn’t know about the sexual abuse until the trial. It was only when he heard the closing arguments of the case that he realized the prosecution had misinterpreted what Crystal was so upset about in her diary. Not wanting to jeopardize his own future by admitting to the hit-and-run, he never said a word.
Joe and Lila go to see The Glass Menagerie. The Tennessee Williams play tells the story of a man, his mentally ill mother, and his mentally fragile sister. The play's difficult family dynamics affect Joe: "I felt a trickle of sweat bead on my chest as visions of my own screwed-up little family moved on that stage" (162). He cries when one actor speaks this line while looking right at him: "Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be" (163).
Lila and Joe go to bar after the play and he tells her about the last time he saw Jeremy—the signs of physical abuse he witnessed and the guilt he feels having left him there. Lila reveals offhand that she doesn’t drink and that she took a year off before going to college. A young man Joe doesn’t know comes up and calls Lila “Nasty Nash” and makes obscene sexual gestures. The “slob” tells Joe: “I don’t mind sharing, just ask her” (167). Lila gets up and runs from the bar. Joe uses his bouncer expertise to punch the man in the gut so hard that he ends up vomiting. Joe runs out of the bar, looking for Lila, with one of the slob’s angry buddy’s in pursuit.
The turning point assignment that comprises all of Chapter 23 serves as an independent story embedded within the book's larger narrative. No longer told from Joe’s point of view, it offers an objective third-person narration. It is even set apart stylistically with the use of a different font. The fact that it is entitled as the “turning point” in Carl’s life likewise highlights its function as the turning point within the novel. From this point forward, both Lila and Joe dig deeper into the mystery of Crystal’s death.
The subplot around Joe’s attraction to Lila also reaches a turning point. Lila, who has rebuffed Joe until now, agrees to see a play with him. The allusion to the Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, is a careful choice on Eskens’ part. The dysfunctional family of the play reminds Joe of his own family. The line "Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be" (163) speaks to his desire to unburden himself of his family but his inability to leave his brother behind. Joe’s subsequent emotions bring him and Lila closer.
Joe’s “turning point” essay makes a convincing case for Carl’s innocence and provides a missing piece in the puzzle of Carl's character. The reader now knows the trauma that motivated Carl to become suicidal. The character of Gibbs paints a vivid picture of the traumas of Vietnam, which also proved difficult for the American public to stomach once they saw photographic footage. The theme of the universal nature of human violence comes to a fore here.
The previously-alluded-to philosophical question of when, if ever, violence against another human is acceptable gains new complexity through Gibbs’ story. To Virgil and Carl, rape is an unacceptable act. However, both characters have previously distinguished between “murdering” in a civilian context and “killing” in a wartime context. They make this distinction when it comes to loss of a human life but not to physical violation of a human body. The explanation seems to be that a soldier’s “duty” is technically to kill—rape is not part of the job description. Gibbs affirms this by referring to rape as “interrogation.”
Andy’s confession to Lila and Joe again speaks to the book’s title and central theme, The Life We Bury. For years, Andy has buried the secret of his and Crystal’s hit-and-run. His guilt manifests itself in his nightmares.