69 pages • 2 hours read
Elif ShafakA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
In May of 1974, a heat descends upon Nicosia, and the scalding temperatures cause hundreds of the island’s fruit bats to drop dead. The sight of the dead bats brings Kostas to tears; he proceeds to bury the bats, earning a reprove from Panagiota for his misplaced sentimentality over the dead animals over the human deaths on the island resulting from the ongoing conflict. At his mother’s reaction, Kostas feels an acute sense of loneliness and begins to “slowly shut himself off, carving an island for himself inside an island, retreating into silence” (148).
The fig tree remembers the heat wave and how she mourned the death of the thousands of fruit bats, essential creatures for the island’s ecosystem and whom she considered her friends; the humans, however, didn’t seem to care about these deaths, as they do not regard bats as “cute.” The same day, Kostas arrives at The Happy Fig, looking for Yiorgos and Yusuf, and accidentally discovers the men embracing and kissing each other. Kostas realizes the men are in far greater danger than even himself and Defne, as in addition to being Greek and a Turk they are also a gay couple.
On the third day of the storm in London, Ada discovers people all over the world are posting videos online of themselves screaming with the hashtag #doyouhearmenow, and she is confused and panicked about this global craze she seems to have inadvertently initiated. In search of comfort, she thinks of the stories that her parents used to tell her, remembering a particular one Defne had once narrated: During the Second World War, a battalion of English soldiers had witnessed an approaching cloud of bright yellow, and had been sure they were about to meet their deaths at the hands of poison gas. Only when the cloud arrived closer did they realize it was actually composed of migrating painted lady butterflies.
Kostas tries to talk to Ada about the incident at school, but she refuses to open up. She asks Kostas if she can switch schools, but he refuses, albeit acknowledging that it has been a tough year for Ada. However, Ada shuts down any conversation about Defne; instead, she asks about butterfly migration, and Kostas explains how the insects plan their move across the span of multiple generations. Ada likens this to their own family’s situation, where although her parents migrated to London before she was born, she feels like she is still migrating. Kostas is disturbed by the insinuation that Ada feels unsettled and burdened by her family’s past, and Ada is angry that her father refuses to acknowledge the possibility that she may have inherited generational trauma.
The fig tree remembers Yusuf gifting Yiorgos the gold pocket watch, inscribed with lines by the poet Cavafy: “Arriving there is what you are destined for, But do not hurry the journey at all …” (160), on Yiorgos’s birthday. Yiorgos expresses his delight and love for Yusuf, and Yusuf is reminded of the note he had found the previous day, stuck to the tavern’s door, containing homophobic slurs and threats. Later that night, Yiorgos references the poetry on the watch and asks Yusuf if they ought to leave Nicosia someday, but ultimately they decide against doing so.
The next time Kostas visits Defne at The Happy Fig in May of 1974, she is upset and distant, revealing that her uncle has been killed and her father is in the hospital following an armed EOKA-B attack on the bus they had been traveling in. Kostas is worried that Defne wants to end things, but they both confess that they don’t want to lose each other. A pipe bomb is thrown into the tavern and explodes, killing five people. An uninjured Kostas and Defne rush to help the others, but they have to leave for their own safety when the police arrive. Unwilling to go home just yet, they wander up the hill with a well behind the tavern, eventually making love for the first time under the moonlight.
The fig tree remembers how one of her branches caught fire during the explosion. Yusuf eventually noticed, and he and Yiorgos put it out. Although part of her trunk was singed and some of her branches were charred, the tree knew she, at least, would eventually recover from the horror of that day, unlike the people who had been present at the tavern.
A few weeks after the explosion, Panagiota writes to her brother in London. She is concerned about Kostas—she knows that he is in love with a Turkish girl, and she is worried he will be direly punished for it if people find out. Panagiota requests her brother take Kostas under his wing in London and keep him there until he forgets about the Turkish girl.
The morning after her conversation with Kostas, Ada walks into the kitchen to find Meryam preparing a dish with bell peppers. Meryam notices that Ada is not her usual self, and Ada confides in Meryam about the incident at school and her request to change schools that Kostas has declined. To Meryam’s reassurances that everyone has done something embarrassing when they were young, Ada asserts that this wasn’t normal screaming; she felt “like [she] was possessed” (176). Meryam states that she has a sense of what the problem might be.
The fig tree describes how many of Maryam’s superstitions and rituals are, unbeknownst to her, rooted in a “deep reverence” for trees. The tree senses Meryam come into the garden and walk around lost in thought and realizes that Meryam is thinking of a way to help Ada based on the many myths and beliefs she endorses.
Following the day of the explosion, the situation in Nicosia quickly escalates. The Cypriot National Guard and EOKA-B launch a joint coup to oust the democratically elected Archbishop Makarios, who miraculously escapes the attack but disappears in the process.
Despite her parents forbidding her to leave the house, the day after the coup Defne slips out to The Happy Fig with a letter for Kostas; it is now July, and she has not seen him since the explosion. Defne finds Yusuf and Yiorgos closing the tavern, as all their staff have resigned over safety concerns. They give Defne a letter from Kostas, who has already left for London. In shock, Defne returns home and reads the letter later at night. It details how Panagiota is forcing Kostas to leave, but he promises to return soon and to think of Defne every day until he does. On her own now, Defne is distraught that she has not had a chance to tell Kostas her news and terrified at what the future holds for her.
Shortly after Kostas’s arrival in London, the news of the coup breaks. Days later, Turkish troops arrive in Kyrenia, causing Greek villagers to flee for safety. Fighting breaks out everywhere, most of all in Nicosia, and Panagiota manages to get a message through to Kostas that he ought not to return. She, herself, has fled Nicosia, fighting for her life, and has taken refuge with relatives in the south. Kostas frantically tries to contact Defne in every way possible, including through Yusuf and Yiorgos, but even they become unreachable.
Kostas finally manages to get a hold of Meryam, who tells him that Defne has been receiving his letters but does not want to hear from him anymore. Nevertheless, Kostas continues writing to Defne and in time grows not to expect a reply. Meanwhile, he finds solace in reading nature magazines sold at his uncle’s store, and one day chances upon an article about fruit bats that opens him to the possibility of a life spent studying plants.
The fig tree describes how she has overheard multiple stories of love and politics from the tavern’s customers, forming her own opinions over time that undoubtedly affect her storytelling lens. She narrates the story of a virus that killed numerous fig trees in Cyprus in the 1970s and how trees in close proximity together were worst affected. From this, she concludes how fanaticism is like a viral disease: “it takes hold of you faster when you are part of an enclosed, homogenous unit” (190).
Fanaticism is what led to the death and disappearance of thousands of Cypriots in that summer of 1974 along with the tens of thousands who were displaced from their homes. Each side has their own narrative of what happened, though neither account features the animals and plants who were also touched by the conflict. However, the fig tree plans to include all the creatures in the ecosystem who were touched by the conflict in her retelling.
This section of the book is named “Trunk,” the most solid part of the tree; in keeping with this, the bulk of the plot’s events take place in these chapters, moving the action along. Kostas and Defne consummate their love even as communal violence escalates in Cyprus, followed by Kostas’s departure for London, even as EOKA-B carries out a coup, which invites retaliation from Turkish troops who take control of part of the island. The resulting conflict sees the deaths of thousands of Greeks and Turks in addition to the tens of thousands who are further displaced from their homes. The fig tree’s narration likens the kind of fanaticism that drives this bloodshed to how viruses spread within a closed, homogenous unit; the tree also emphasizes how all creatures are impacted by human conflict and intends to actively include non-human perspectives in its retelling, which points to the theme of Nature and the Interconnectedness of Life.
The theme of Forbidden Love is an important one in the chapters with the discovery of yet another taboo relationship: Yiorgos and Yusuf. Besides also being a Greek and a Turk together, the fact that the men are gay places them in even greater danger than Kostas and Defne, as Kostas realizes when he stumbles upon their secret. Both couples experience significant strain in their relationships—Defne reveals to Kostas that she has lost an uncle and her father has been injured in an incident of communal violence, which brings some distance into their relationship; similarly, even as Yusuf and Yiorgos celebrate the latter’s birthday privately, Yusuf remembers the threatening, homophobic message he had found outside the tavern, indicating that others know their secret. Nevertheless, both couples choose to persevere in their love—Kostas and Defne do not want to lose each other and make love for the first time. Similarly, Yusuf and Yiorgos decide to stay on in Nicosia despite the circumstances; here, the pocket watch makes an appearance, as the couple initially discuss leaving Cyprus in the context of the poetry inscribed on the watch that is a gift for Yiorgos from Yusuf.
However, the explosion at the tavern proves to be an instance of foreshadowing. A space that welcomed people of all backgrounds is attacked and eventually has to close down; this is mirrored in how Kostas and Defne are forcibly separated from each other when he is sent to London as well as in Yusuf and Yiorgos’s mysterious disappearance. In this manner, the tavern and its story serve as a symbol of open and nonjudgmental love that is eventually destroyed under the circumstances of conflict and division. In connection with the tavern, however, the fig tree also comes to symbolize and foreshadow hope for the future. One of its branches catches fire during the explosion, but Yusuf and Yiorgos are able to put it out, and the tree knows that it will heal. This resilience points to the potential to survive conflict and even begin anew, as seen in how a part of the tree eventually accompanies Kostas and Defne to London, where it starts a new life along with them.
Yet another symbol that appears in these chapters is that of the butterflies. Ada remembers the story Defne once told her about migrating painted lady butterflies passing over a battalion of soldiers, who initially mistook them for poison gas. When Ada asks Kostas about butterfly migration later, he explains how the creatures plan their travel across the span of generations, and Ada likens this to her own family’s situation; even though Kostas and Defne arrived in London before she was born, Ada feels like she is still adjusting to the land and its culture. This points to the theme of History and Identity, suggesting that despite one not having lived a particular experience themselves, the experiences of one’s ancestors and preceding generations can, nevertheless, have a very real impact on one’s identity.
Finally, food continues to be a recurring motif with Meryam, where Ada confides in Meryam as Meryam prepares a dish with bell peppers in a chapter named after the vegetable. Ada’s narration of the incident leads Meryam to search among her store of beliefs for ways to help her niece, leading the fig tree to observe that so many of Maryam’s rituals are derived from humankind’s deep reverence of trees even if they are not aware of this connection. This evidences how older cultures and traditions made space for all life within the ecosystem and points to the theme of Nature and Interconnectedness.
By Elif Shafak
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