51 pages • 1 hour read
Sherry TurkleA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Turkle attends Radcliffe college, a female liberal arts college in Massachusetts, on an academic scholarship and studies social sciences. In her freshman year, she lives in a dormitory with other girls who are the first of their families to attend college, many of whom are also on scholarships for Jewish and Black students. Turkle finds it difficult to connect. The other girls in the dormitory view her as desperate and accuse her of stealing their things to feel like part of the group. When one of the dormitory girls, Lynne, explains this to her, Turkle feels their conversation is a lesson in empathy, as Lynne understands Turkle’s position rather than accusing her.
Turkle navigates the college’s structural and cultural sexism, which she accepts at the time but in hindsight finds “intolerable.” Many opportunities are reserved for men only: eligibility for graduation prizes, participation in psychological experiments, and reading privileges in the undergraduate library. In addition, Turkle’s lack of political experience and knowledge excludes her from a seminar in politics that she desires to attend. She focuses on becoming the best social sciences student that she can. Influenced by her professor Samuel Beer, she develops an approach of intellectual pluralism to her studies. She reads widely, approaching each problem she encounters with the most appropriate lens and reading each theorist to find their best ideas.
Turkle gets a part as Maria in a college production of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. Her mother, grandmother, and Aunt Mildred visit to see her. Mildred discreetly encourages her mother to take the trip despite her cancer treatments, knowing it might be one of her last. Suffering from the brain fog that is a side effect of the cancer treatments, Turkle’s mother asks for Turkle’s help in writing a paper on French cinema due for her teacher certification course. Turkle, still unaware of her mother’s illness, is frustrated by the request but complies after receiving a letter from Mildred pleading on her mother’s behalf.
In the summer of 1967, a year before Turkle’s mother’s death, Mildred and her mother travel to Bermuda. During the same summer, Turkle travels to Europe on a Harvard Student Agency trip, traveling to France and Israel. In Paris, she attends French lectures at the Sorbonne. She dates an Algerian French man named Matteo and visits his hometown of Drancy, which had been a Jewish internment camp during the war. Turkle is troubled by the French denial of their part in the Holocaust. She fears the Holocaust happening again and considers how Jewish silence keeps Gentiles comfortable. She decides to visit Israel, kissing the ground. Both she and her fellow students feel that their visit is a homecoming. When her Aunt Mildred visits, they discuss fascism and see contemporary theater pieces on the subject. Turkle reflects on how much her political conversations with Mildred have shaped her perspective.
In 1967, Turkle is elected to represent the students of her Radcliffe house, who are against the university hosting recruiters from a chemical company involved in developing napalm in the Vietnam War. Turkle discovers that the university is using tactics to defer the protestors and block any real policy changes. For Turkle, this disappointment serves as a lesson in political strategy.
In January 1968, Aunt Mildred calls Turkle to say that her mother is in the hospital. When Turkle arrives at the Brookyln Hospital, the doctor reveals that her mother only has weeks to live, surprised that Turkle is unaware of her mother’s breast cancer. Turkle is shocked at first but then realizes that she had known her mother was sick without being told. Turkle discovers that her mother had a mastectomy when Turkle was in fifth grade, which she had hidden by using padded bras. Her mother had hidden her illness for years. She chose not to reveal her illness to ensure Turkle stayed focused on college.
Over the next few weeks, Turkle goes to the hospital every day. She decides to take taxis to avoid taking the subway, where she was assaulted when she was 13. After her mother dies, her stepfather, Milton, insists on embalming the body for an open casket funeral, though this is contrary to Jewish tradition. This creates tension between himself and Turkle’s grandparents and aunt and eventually leads to their estrangement.
In grief, Turkle hunts through her mother’s letters and paperwork to better understand her mother’s experience of her illness. Turkle realizes that her mother had isolated herself from her family, only confiding her pain to a psychic in letters. Turkle feels guilty that she had ignored the signs but is grateful that her mother had lied to preserve her continuing education.
After the funeral, Milton demands that Turkle leave Radcliffe, replace her mother as the woman of the house, and look after Susan and Bruce. Turkle refuses, explaining that continuing her studies was her mother’s wish. Desperate and spiteful, Milton sabotages Turkle’s scholarship at Radcliffe, and she is forced to drop out in her senior year. Milton forcefully proposes to Turkle’s Aunt Mildred. The Bonowitzes are furious but are afraid to cut ties with Milton because they will lose their relationship with their young grandchildren.
To keep Turkle from Milton’s interference, the Bonowitzes decide that Turkle should go to France and look for a job there. Turkle plans to use her time there to conduct research for her thesis for when she returns to Radcliffe. Before she leaves, she visits her childhood beach jetty at Rockaway, feeling adrift and alone without her mother.
In this section, Turkle examines the development of her identity as both a student and an independent woman separate from her mother and the impact of her mother’s death. In her academic studies, Turkle is attracted to theoretical pluralism, in which she reads widely from different theorists in search of their best ideas rather than attaching herself to a particular thinker. She uses humor, e.g., “be theoretically promiscuous” (89), to convey her pleasure in the freedom that exposure to new ideas offers her. She is attracted to different styles of thinking, conveyed through her excited tone when describing her professor’s lecture style: “I was mesmerized. Yerushalmi would consider an idea, build up what seemed to be a sturdy edifice to support it, and then cast it away and make a fresh start in a new direction” (122). Theoretical pluralism, or the ability to think through multiple lenses, shapes her interdisciplinary approach as an academic.
Turkle’s interprets and reinterprets her mother after her death and analyzes her evolving relationship to her mother’s memory. This demonstrates Turkle’s Pluralism of Identity: Turkle argues that identity is not central or fixed but that it changes based on the language and “lens” from which it is considered. Turkle’s interpretation of her mother’s character, and her own, depends on what perspective she views it from. While her mother is alive, her mother’s secretive nature and Turkle’s complicity make it difficult for Turkle to open up to people at college. She views friendship and honesty as dangerous: “I didn’t talk about Sherry Zimmerman. Or my adoption. I didn’t begin a new life in the sunlight” (97). However, she begins to see a difference between her and her mother: “I had taken a risk in reaching out to another person, and she hadn’t let me down. I knew I would try again. I realized how much I wanted to talk to other people” (97). Turkle, unlike her mother, is willing to seek the understanding of strangers and desires open connections.
When her mother dies, Turkle is again pulled into a world of secrecy, her mother's world that she revisits again and again, looking at it from different viewpoints. This adds to the mystery of their relationship rather than providing closure. Turkle feels guilty, blaming herself for her mother’s lie that she was sick: “Perhaps she behaved like someone who was trying not to keep a secret but to share one. I didn’t give her an opening and she didn’t insist” (102). At other times, Turkle sees her mother’s lie as a demonstration of their closeness:
Something else colors my effort to reconstruct my not knowing during all those years. The more I have analyzed what I should have known, given the data before me, the more I believe that what I knew most of all was that I was not supposed to know about my mother’s body. I understood it was taboo. In this sense, our empathic connection worked (127).
Turkle sees her memories as “data” to be analyzed, highlighting her academic approach to memoir and how she applies professional insight to her personal history.
By Sherry Turkle