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47 pages 1 hour read

Robert Kurson

Shadow Divers

Nonfiction | Book | Adult | Published in 2004

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Chapters 4-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary: “John Chatterton”

The text explores Chatterton’s background. Raised in Long Island, he escaped a middle-class but emotionally volatile family through his fascination with the ocean. His grandfather commanded submarines in the 1930s and led battleships during World War II, reinforcing his fascination with seafaring and history. In addition, his grandfather displayed a deep personal ethic, speaking about his fellow crew members with respect and visiting the families of fallen crew members to emphasize their value to him.

During the Vietnam War, Chatterton enlisted in the US Army to become a medic, a choice that the US Navy did not offer. Like his grandfather, Chatterton cultivated the respect of his fellow soldiers through his courage. Required to rush to wounded soldiers and get them quickly to safety, Chatterton developed a calm head and the ability to think clearly in chaos.

After the war, Chatterton had trouble adjusting to civilian life. He drifted from job to job, trying to find a sense of purpose like he had during the war. He eventually landed on scallop fishing, a job that required a boat to dredge the ocean floor. Dredging pulled up debris and artifacts to which scallops had attached themselves. Fishing provided a good income, but Chatterton became fascinated by the other things they pulled from the sea. After the scallop market dried up in 1981, Chatterton became a commercial diver. This unpredictable job was open-ended and required on-the-spot problem-solving, two things that Chatterton craved. More experienced divers called him a natural because of his ability to stay calm and think clearly. He quickly became a respected and accomplished commercial diver and started to indulge his fascination with underwater artifacts through deep-sea diving. He soon met Nagle and explored the Andrea Doria with him. Chatterton’s ability to navigate cramped and challenging spaces to find artifacts—even in well-explored wrecks—impressed other divers.

Chatterton, like his grandfather, developed a deep personal ethic. After learning that another diver removed a human bone from the wreck of the U-853, a sunken German submarine near Rhode Island, he threatened to call the news and make the diver explain why he robbed a grave. Under Chatterton’s instruction, the diver returned the bone to exactly where he found it to respect the fallen sailors, even though they had been enemies.

Chapter 5 Summary: “Crazy Deep”

When the Seeker took its next trip out to the diving site, tragedy struck. Steve Feldman, a scuba diver just beginning to explore the world of deep-sea diving, was excited to continue the investigation with more experienced divers. However, while in the wreck, Feldman lost consciousness, most likely from nitrogen narcosis. His partner, knowing that divers sometimes regain consciousness in shallower water, started hauling him up. He met two other divers on their way down, and while resting to decompress, accidentally let go of the line, dropping Feldman in the process. One of the other divers went down to try to retrieve Feldman but was unable to find him. Subsequent searches yielded nothing. Nagle was forced to radio in to the Coast Guard to report a missing diver, which revealed the coordinates of subsequently the wreck. The incident destroyed the optimistic atmosphere of the expedition, and a more somber mood ensued. The risks of deep-sea diving were painfully apparent to all the other divers.

Feldman’s death, however, created an opening in the crew, and Richie Kohler, the diver and historian who had heard of the wreck from a crew member, stepped in. In many ways the polar opposite of Chatterton, Kohler was a member of the Atlantic Wreck Divers (AWD), a “hard-core” and reckless group of skilled divers. Chatterton disliked the group because they relentlessly stripped wrecks for anything that wasn’t nailed down, regardless of its value, displaying a crass materialistic attitude that clashed with Chatterton’s dedication to respectful exploration. Additionally, Kohler had been a crew member of Bielenda’s boat in the past, and during that time, he had indirectly clashed with Chatterton. Chatterton, while exploring the Andrea Doria with Nagle, had used his commercial diving skills to torch an obstacle that kept divers out of the third-class deck. This gave Nagle’s crew access to an unprecedented number of artifacts. Bielenda found out and planned to steal everything he could before Nagle’s crew returned for another sweep. However, Nagle found out about the plan and enlisted Chatterton to find a solution. Chatterton and another diver designed a grate to fit over the new entrance, displaying a message that the area was “closed for inventory” (112). No other divers could enter the hole, thwarting Bielenda’s plan. Although Kohler had been angry in the moment, he later laughed and admitted that Nagle’s divers had beat them fair and square. Kohler eventually broke with Bielenda entirely, and now Chatterton was reluctantly willing to give him another chance, especially after learning that Kohler was a German historian. After descending to the wreck with Kohler, Chatterton discovered dishware marked with a swastika and the year 1942, proving that the wreck was a German U-boat. Seeing Kohler’s unabashed enthusiasm at the find, as he yelled through his breathing regulator and danced “like a child” (118), Chatterton realized that they were alike in their fascination with new discoveries. Later, Kohler told Chatterton that his favorite part was being in the water with him and knowing that they were the only two people in the world who knew that the wreck was a German U-boat.

Chapter 6 Summary: “Richie Kohler”

The text examines Richie Kohler’s background. He was born in New York, and his German father often took him out on the ocean to dive. He studied military history as a child and decided that he wanted to be an astronaut. When his parents split up, his mother took him with her to Florida. After the move, Kohler began getting into trouble and starting fights, at one point starting a fire in another kid’s locker. Consequently, he was denied admittance to the US Navy, a dream of his during high school. He began working for his father’s glass company while continuing to dive for enjoyment.

He joined a diving group, initially called the Thugs. These skilled and experienced divers took Kohler under their wing and taught him their “pirate” philosophy. These “loud and rowdy” (134) men nonetheless operated with the same calm and rationality as Chatterton underwater, and Kohler idolized them. Their teamwork while systematically stripping wrecks of artifacts became Kohler’s instruction in the principles of diving: Move fast, stay calm, problem-solve as you go, and take everything you can. The men, though rough, were incredibly knowledgeable about wrecks. Later, they became the AWD and admitted Kohler into their ranks. Although Kohler and the AWD had used Bielenda’s boat for their dives and knew about the rivalry between Bielenda and Nagle, Kohler didn’t hesitate when he heard that Nagle needed another diver. Kohler had similar qualms about Bielenda, believing that he was overly concerned with the bottom line. When Nagle’s crew accepted Kohler, he became a “blur of longing and desire” (140), consumed by thoughts of the U-boat discovery.

Chapters 4-6 Analysis

In these chapters, Chatterton is a focal point for examining the risks and rewards of deep-sea diving. Chatterton’s backstory exemplifies the allure of the ocean and the personal motivations that drive individuals to pursue dangerous underwater exploration. Chatterton’s family history, particularly his grandfather’s naval service, underscores the link between personal heritage and the sea, highlighting the generational fascination with seafaring and adventure that thematically emphasizes The Allure and Danger of Deep-Sea Diving.

Vivid imagery and descriptive language convey the perils of deep-sea diving, particularly the physiological and environmental hazards that divers face. The narrative highlights the dangers of nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness, emphasizing the physical and psychological toll of navigating treacherous underwater environments. In describing the tragic death of Steve Feldman due to narcosis-induced unconsciousness, the text underscores the inherent risks of deep-sea exploration and the sobering reality of mortality in the face of nature.

The book continues to thematically explore The Ethical Dimensions of Shipwreck Diving, particularly the tension between exploration and preservation. Chatterton’s principled stance on the respectful treatment of underwater artifacts emphasizes the importance of ethical conduct in preserving historical sites and honoring the memory of those who perished at sea. His insistence on returning a human bone to its resting place in the wreck of the U-853 exemplifies the ethical imperative to treat underwater heritage with reverence and respect, even in the face of divergent cultural and national identities.

The Impact of Historical Discoveries on Understanding the Past again emerges as a theme: The revelation of a sunken German U-boat sparks excitement and speculation among the expedition team. Symbolism underscores the transformative power of historical artifacts in shaping the understanding of the past: The discovery of swastika-marked dishware and other relics within the wreck symbolizes the tangible link between the present and the past, offering insight into the wartime experiences of those who served aboard the submarine. Through Richie Kohler’s enthusiastic response to the discovery, the text highlights the profound impact of historical exploration on individual identity and collective memory, underscoring the role of underwater archaeology in enriching the understanding of maritime history. The text’s adept use of literary devices and thematic exploration helps readers engage fully with the subject matter, immersing them in the exhilarating, deadly world of underwater exploration while inviting reflection on the moral and ethical complexities of preserving maritime heritage.

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By Robert Kurson