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51 pages 1 hour read

E. L. Doctorow

Ragtime

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1975

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Part 1, Chapters 8-13Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapter 8 Summary

Tateh invites Evelyn to attend a meeting with the Socialist Artists’ Alliance of the Lower East Side. Prominent anarchist thinker Emma Goldman is the speaker for the event. Goldman argues that marriage is a form of domestic servitude in which women are expected to provide sexual pleasure to their husbands whether they want to or not. She cites Evelyn as the prime example of how marriage is akin to prostitution. The crowd of mostly men boo and jeer, attracting police attention. The arrival of the police triggers mass hysteria. Tateh, disgusted at Evelyn for being drawn into Goldman’s anti-marriage speech, flees and leaves Evelyn behind.

Evelyn panics, not knowing what to do. Goldman brings Evelyn to a boarding house, and the two women rest in a private room. Mother’s Younger Brother, having followed Evelyn all day, sneaks into the boarding house as well. When Goldman fetches a basin of water, Mother’s Younger Brother sneaks into Evelyn’s room and hides in the closet without her knowing. Goldman lectures Evelyn on gender relations and marriage, urging Evelyn to see her loveless marriage as a form of servitude. Evelyn admits that she hates her husband. Goldman comforts Evelyn, insisting that “our spirits touch each other like notes in harmony, and in the total human fate we are sisters” (60-61). She offers to give Evelyn a massage to calm down, as Goldman is a nurse and knows how to soothe anxiety. As Evelyn strips down and Goldman massages the woman’s bare body, Mother’s Younger Brother springs out of the closet in a spasm of sexual ecstasy.

Part 1, Chapter 9 Summary

Back in New Rochelle, Mother grows frustrated over the fact that her brother is growing increasingly distant. She reflects on how close they used to be as children. Distressed, she goes to her garden for comfort. The little boy watches his mother traverse the backyard. Suddenly, he sees her stop and dig at a spot in the garden. She pulls up a crying Black infant who has been buried alive. Mother’s maid helps her bathe the child. A doctor and policemen arrive to inspect the baby and investigate. The mother, a young Black woman, is soon located. The doctor tells Mother that the woman will likely face charges for attempted murder. Mother offers to house the young woman and her infant in a spare room upstairs, taking responsibility for the two and saving them from legal harm.

Part 1, Chapter 10 Summary

In the Arctic, Father writes letters home every day. The leader of the expedition, Peary, bonds with Father over the fact that they were members of the same college fraternity. The expedition lives amongst the Eskimo people. They wait for spring to arrive before trying to locate the North Pole. Father observes the Eskimos with bemusement, noting how different their social and cultural relations are from those in America. When spring arrives, Peary choses his Black assistant, Matthew Henson, as his companion to the North Pole. The other men of the expedition are made to traverse the path ahead of Peary, chipping away at the Arctic ice and clearing the way for Peary and Henson to claim the official discovery of the Pole.

One day, Peary’s expedition reaches the approximate location. An anxious Peary is unable to decipher the precise location, and randomly picks a spot to officially label the North Pole. He takes a photograph with his expedition crew and an American flag flying on the Pole, which was gifted to Peary by Father.

Part 1, Chapter 11 Summary

The trial of Harry K. Thaw has begun, and Evelyn provides her testimony in his defense. She has established a friendship with Emma Goldman, and the two women regularly write one another. She has also begun a romantic relationship with Mother’s Younger Brother. As a result of her technical infidelity, she only gets a sliver of the funds she wants when trying to negotiate a divorce from Thaw. The jury for Thaw’s trial cannot reach a verdict, and his case is retried. He is eventually sent to the Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane. Evelyn asks Emma what she thinks about the new love triangle between herself, Thaw, and Mother’s Younger Brother. Evelyn becomes more involved with Emma’s political circle, donating her money to Goldman’s magazine, Mother Earth, and funding defenses for arrested anarchists. Evelyn realizes she does not love Mother’s Younger Brother because he is not as cruel to her as other men.

Part 1, Chapter 12 Summary

After the police break up Emma Goldman’s speech, Tateh becomes fed up with New York. He considers it “the city that had ruined his life” (91). He takes his little girl and moves out of his apartment. They take the streetcar out of the city, into Connecticut, and then into Massachusetts. Tateh studies the girl as they travel and realizes that for the first time, she is happy. As they travel toward Boston, Tateh watches the tracks speed by outside.

Part 1, Chapter 13 Summary

One day in New York, a group of men are working on a new tunnel under the East River from Brooklyn to Manhattan’s Lower East Side. They encounter a blowout, wherein a rush of compressed air escapes and causes an explosion. Only one of the men survive. Harry Houdini is fascinated by the sole man’s escape. He visits the survivor in the hospital, only to be thrown out by his family. Houdini becomes increasingly obsessed with the natural world, forming new magic tricks focused on the outdoors. He goes on tour to Europe. When there, he encounters a fascinating invention called the biplane that allows for human flight. He buys one instantly and trains to fly it, addicted to the feeling of flying above the world. One morning as he lands his biplane, he notices an Imperial German Army car waiting for him. A group of officers escort him to meet the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-Hungary throne. The Archduke’s wife, Sophie, is also in the car. The Archduke, not knowing who Houdini is and what he is famous for, congratulates the magician on the invention of the biplane.

Part 1, Chapters 8-13 Analysis

Instead of continuing to introduce an array of new characters, the second half of Part 1 develops the foundations previously established in Chapters 1-7. Characters like Houdini, Tateh, Evelyn, and Emma Goldman take center stage as Doctorow develops his novel’s themes and dramatic intention. These chapters of Ragtime deepen the novel’s historical involvement, pulling inspiration from genuine documents in its chapters involving Emma Goldman and furthering the novel’s historic, political, and social elements. Chapters 8 -13 establish the novel’s thematic weight through historic interaction and character development. Whereas the first half of Part 1 established the structure of his dramatic world, here, E.L. Doctorow expands his dramatic meaning.

The historical and political dimensions of Chapters 8-13 are found most notably through the character of Emma Goldman. Much of Goldman’s dialogue in Chapters 8 and 11 are derived from actual historical moments and documents. Emma’s backstory concerning her relationship with Alexander Berkman is historically correct. Goldman’s speech in Chapter 8, along with her comments to Evelyn Nesbit, likely allude to two of Emma’s famous essays: “Marriage and Love” (1910) and, to a lesser extent, “The White Slave Traffic” (1910). Both sources explore gender relations and women’s systemic exploitation. In the essays, Emma likens prostitution to marriage, the same analogy that causes Ragtime’s fictionalized Emma to be booed during her speech. In her 1910 “Marriage and Love” essay, Goldman opined:

The institution of marriage makes a parasite of woman, an absolute dependent. It […] annihilates her social consciousness, paralyzes her imagination, and [is] a travesty on human character (Goldman, Emma. Anarchy and the Sex Question: Essays on Women and Emancipation, 1896-1926. PM Press, 2016. 64).

This quote from a historical source mirrors the exact criticism Emma levels against Evelyn, in which she lambasts Evelyn for being nothing more than a “clever prostitute,” “a creature of capitalism, the ethics of which are so totally corrupt and hypocritical that your beauty is no more than the beauty of gold, which is to say false and cold and useless” (57). While Doctorow doesn’t quote Goldman directly, he captures her essential ideology. He channels it to build his fictional characters and themes—most especially, that of Navigating Sex, Love, and Freedom, of which Evelyn and Emma are at the core. Doctorow puts the historical figures of Emma, a female radical, and Evelyn, a prominent model, in conversation with one another. He highlights the many demands, expectations, and routes of oppression that women suffered in early 20th-century America.

As for the real-life Evelyn and Emma, it is unclear how well the two women knew each other, but they at least knew of each other. In 1906, Evelyn took some of the money she received from Harry K. Thaw to testify in his defense during his trial. She donated it to Emma, who gave the money to her colleague John Reed of the American Communist Party. Doctorow takes the lives of these two women and pushes their relationship to an unlikely level of friendship to communicate specific thematic meaning. In this way, the characters of Evelyn Nesbit and Emma Goldman embody how Ragtime fuses drama and history for a specific artistic function.

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