117 pages • 3 hours read
Alan GratzA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
Near the opening of the novel, Michael characterizes Nazi Germany as “the bully who found your most painful wound and poked at it with a stick” (53). Throughout the novel, the author demonstrates how the Nazis rule through intimidation and fear, and transform those who follow them into bullies as well.
The main character of the novel has a hatred for bullying that predates his introduction to the Nazis: as an Irish boy at an English school, Michael knows the feeling of being “helpless” (39) at the hands of bullies. Michael has since taught himself how to fight back, but he still has a natural instinct to stand up to bullies, a drive that leads him to defend and connect with Fritz.
Fritz’s journey illustrates how fighting back against bullies can move beyond empowerment, turning the bullied into another bully—especially within the context of Nazi Germany. Fritz takes the Nazi ideology to “‘think with our blood’” (237) to heart, as he leads ruthless attacks against the Edelweiss Pirates and even his own teacher. Michael realizes that “like little Hitler” (237), Fritz has dealt with his weakness by abandoning all compassion and becoming a bully. In the end, Fritz ends up sacrificing his own life to the dream of Nazi domination. Insisting that “‘he who doesn’t fight doesn’t deserve to live’” (284), Fritz is willing to kill himself in order to assassinate a scientist working with the Allies. As Fritz’s sacrifice illustrates, the problem of bullying can’t be solved by becoming a bully oneself.
Like Fritz, the Nazis as a whole are struggling by the end of the novel, as their reign of ruthless power isn’t enough to combat the Allies fighting for justice and freedom. While Michael has always fought back against bullies, by the end of the novel, it’s what he’s fighting for that matters most—for a world of “freedom” (303) where justice and compassion are strong enough to defeat bullies, both on an individual and a global scale.
From the moment Irish Michael rescues British pilot Simon, the two begin to trade jokes about the English and the Irish. When Michael comes up with a clever plan to hide Simon, Simon asks if Michael is “‘sure [he’s] Irish’” (61), and Michael responds that Simon is a “‘nice enough fellow,’” so is he “‘sure [he’s] English’” (61)? These jokes create an instant bond between the two and help to distract from the danger of the situation. Simon goes on to tell another joke when Michael’s mother cleans his wound, this time using humor to distract from pain. Similarly, Simon uses humor to divert Michael’s attention while he’s on a roof, thus encouraging him to deal with his fear of heights. Tragically, Simon even tells a joke moments before his death; this particular joke is about a firing squad and hints to Michael that Simon planned to get himself shot, committing “suicide by Nazi” (250) to further the Allied cause.
Throughout the novel, Michael and Simon’s shared jokes illustrate how keeping a positive, even lighthearted attitude can help a person get through the most dismal of situations; they also illustrate how silly cultural feuds can be. For Michael and Simon, the ancient enmity between Irish and English is something to laugh about, and something that even draws the two closer together. This provides a strong contrast with the Nazis’ use of cultural differences to foster hatred and distrust, and to instigate a war. Simon and Michael’s humorous exchanges suggest that focusing on shared emotions and experiences allows people to move beyond cultural barriers, and connect on a deeper level—something the oppressive regime does not allow within Nazi Germany.
At the beginning of the novel, Michael thinks of his spy mission and the activities he participates in so he can pass as a Nazi, such as book burning, as “part of the game” (36). At 13 years old, Michael is still a child, and he doesn’t fully understand how important his fight against the Nazis is—and how much sacrifice it will require.
As the novel continues, Simon contributes to Michael’s perspective of his espionage as a “game”: Simon teaches Michael “Kim’s Game,” (230), inspired by Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim, which helps Michael to study the objects around him more closely, notice details, and improve his memory. Kim’s Game certainly helps Michael to achieve his mission of memorizing Projekt 1065; however, Michael must see the war as more than a game before he can truly help the Allies. After discovering a plot to assassinate a scientist working for the Allies, Michael realizes that the best plan to foil the murder requires turning Simon and his parents in to the Nazis. If Michael goes through with this, he realizes, “this wouldn’t be a game anymore,” but instead an act of “real sacrifice” (231). Michael does choose to make that sacrifice, and his movement away from the “game of spies” (230) illustrates his growing maturity, as well as emphasizing the true, serious cost of war.
Early in the novel, Simon points out to Michael that he’s “‘risking [his] life’” to stop the Nazis from burning books, to give people “‘the right to […] read what they want, to think for themselves’” (70). To Simon’s dismay, Michael hasn’t even read the books that his father hides from the Nazis. Simon encourages Michael to read detective novels so they can discuss them together, and the shared activity strengthens the bond between the two characters, as well as encouraging Michael to think freely and critically.
Books also provide a way for Michael and his classmate-turned-friend Fritz to connect: Michael first stands up for Fritz when he’s reluctant to burn books, which turns Fritz into a target for bullies. Fritz later uses words from British detective novels, like “‘gumshoe’” (63) and “‘dame’” (97), and eventually shares his own collection of forbidden mystery novels with Michael. These detective novels provide a particularly apt motif as Michael is like a detective himself, searching for Nazi secrets.
Near the end of the novel, books serve as a particularly powerful symbol of how the Nazis destroy free thought in their youngest, most impressionable members. Michael discovers Fritz burning the books he loved, calling them “‘degenerate filth’” (237). Fritz now believes the Nazi doctrine that German soldiers don’t “‘need books’”—“‘we think with our blood’” (237). Clearly, the Nazis have taken away Fritz’s ability to think for himself—the same ability that books help to foster. Fritz’s transformation into a book-burning bully is another example of the theme of children’s roles in war, as the Nazis take over both the minds and bodies of German youth, and destroy an entire generation as a result.
By Alan Gratz