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66 pages 2 hours read

Scott Turow

Presumed Innocent

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1987

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Part 2, Chapters 21-30Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “Summer”

Part 2, Chapter 21 Summary

A week after the arraignment, Rusty and Sandy meet Raymond at his new office at a high-end criminal defense firm. Sandy instructed Rusty not to speak—he is there to confront Raymond with his presence. Rusty realizes that Sandy may have heard something through the defense lawyer network.

As Raymond and Sandy talk, Rusty realizes that Raymond is being given “star-witness treatment” by Nico and Tommy. He realizes that Raymond is “not a friend” (195). Raymond is making it sound as though Rusty pushed to take over Carolyn’s case, though he asked Rusty to handle it because he was busy. Sandy and Rusty realize that Nico has convinced Raymond that Rusty is guilty. Sandy learns that Raymond had an affair with Carolyn directly after her affair with Rusty. They realize the prosecution is going to build that into Rusty’s motive. Rusty is “bereft” at Raymond’s betrayal, and afraid.

Part 2, Chapter 22 Summary

Judge Lyttle was a defense lawyer for 20 years before becoming a judge, but his views remain more sympathetic to the defense. He, Sandy, Nico, and Tommy meet for a status hearing. Lyttle schedules the trial to begin in three weeks and won’t listen to Nico’s attempts to delay. Lyttle then asks about the status of the fingerprinted glass. The defense has asked to examine it, but the prosecution can’t produce it, and Lyttle admonishes them. Lyttle agrees to let the defense team examine Carolyn’s apartment.

There is bad blood between Lyttle and Tommy, who both worked at the North Branch at the same time. Lyttle says that Tommy can either be on the prosecution team or testify, but he can’t do both. Tommy agrees not to testify.

Part 2, Chapter 23 Summary

Every Wednesday night during the trial process, Lip calls Rusty and asks if he needs anything. Rusty never takes him up on the offer, but he knows that Lip is having a hard time at work because of his allegiance to Rusty.

 

This week, however, Rusty asks Lip to find Leon Wells, the subject of Carolyn’s B file. He thinks that if they can find out how Tommy is involved with the B file, they might be able to argue that he was obstructing Rusty’s investigation. Lip agrees to try to find Leon.

 

Rusty goes to Nat’s tee ball game, but afterward, he and Nat go directly home because everyone knows about the murder trial. Nat doesn’t complain, even though Rusty knows he must be bullied in school. Barbara has explained what is happening to Nat, and Rusty is overwhelmed at how they are standing with him.

Part 2, Chapter 24 Summary

Rusty and Jamie go to Carolyn’s apartment with a police officer. They are surprised to see Marty, Carolyn’s son, there, and realize that he was notified by the court. While the officer stays outside the door, Rusty and Jamie examine the apartment, and Marty wanders around.

Rusty sees the bar glasses that match the fingerprinted one and counts 12. They search for the contraceptive jelly everywhere but don’t find it. He finds Carolyn’s telephone book, with many names, including Judge Lyttle’s. As they are leaving, Rusty talks to Marty. Marty tells Rusty that the police questioned him, and Rusty realizes that he told Marty about his affair with Carolyn. For a moment, Rusty feels sick—Nico could use Marty’s testimony to prove the affair. However, after another look at Marty, he realizes the boy is innocent, and he is being paranoid.

Part 2, Chapter 25 Summary

Rusty wakes up from a nightmare about his sick mother. As a child, he adored his mother, who was agoraphobic. When his mother was dying, Rusty and Barbara took her in, and Rusty was surprised at how Barbara and his mother bonded.

At the root of Rusty’s nightmares is the worry about what would happen to Nat if he went to prison. He has thought about running, especially considering how many men he has put into prison.

Part 2, Chapter 26 Summary

On the first day of Rusty’s trial, before official proceedings begin, Jamie points out that the defense team still hasn’t examined the fingerprinted glass. Tommy promises to get them the glass after court today. They call the prospective jurors in for screening. Lyttle makes sure that the jury understands that they must be presuming Rusty is innocent. Nico looks upset, and Rusty is reminded of how much is riding on this trial for him. Jury selection ends at lunch on the second day, with the trial due to begin in the afternoon.

That afternoon, the defense and prosecution give their opening statements. Nico gives his opening statement first, and Rusty is surprised to discover that he is uncharismatic. However, Nico is aggressive: Lyttle reprimands Nico for beginning to build the argument that Rusty was jealous of Raymond’s relationship with Carolyn, offering a motive for her murder. Sandy keeps his opening statement short, focusing on Rusty’s career as a prosecuting attorney, including his work on the Night Saints case. He also works to poke holes in the prosecution’s case, reminding the jury of the concept of reasonable doubt.

Part 2, Chapter 27 Summary

On the third morning, Nico admits to Sandy that they cannot find the fingerprinted glass. They all know that it is common for the police to lose evidence that usually turns up. As Nico and Sandy talk about it, Rusty watches Tommy, who looks nervous and exhausted. When Lyttle finds out, he gives Nico a warning. The missing glass, however, upsets the prosecution’s case, as the first witness was supposed to be an expert testifying about the fingerprints.

Nico calls the prosecution’s first witness, Detective Harold Greer, to the stand. Tommy questions Greer, the third officer to arrive at the crime scene. When Tommy puts the crime scene photos into evidence, the jurors examine them: Rusty can feel their attitude toward him changing. When Sandy cross-examines Greer, he asks about the fingerprinted glass, and the detective is forced to admit that it is missing. He also admits that they didn’t find Carolyn’s diaphragm or contraceptive jelly in the apartment. Rusty can tell from Nico and Tommy’s reactions that they hadn’t considered this point.

Rusty asks Sandy to bring one of the photos to him and points out that there is a full set of 12 bar glasses at Carolyn’s apartment. Sandy questions the detective about the fact that the missing fingerprinted glass would make it a set of 13, a strange number. After morning trial, Sandy reprimands Rusty for bringing it to his attention so late, but Rusty claims to have just noticed.

The prosecutors have a bad afternoon. They question Eugenia, Rusty’s former assistant, who reports overhearing a phone call between Rusty and Carolyn. She says she heard him call Carolyn “my angel” and discuss going to her house that evening. Rusty knows this isn’t true. On cross-examination, Sandy established Eugenia is biased because Nico and Tommy are her bosses now. Rusty realizes that Sandy is also starting to establish part of his defense: Nico and Tommy are going after him because of a rivalry. Sandy also forces Eugenia to admit that she perjured herself: Rusty never said, “my angel,” and when she overheard the call, Rusty and Carolyn were working on the McGaffen case together.

The next witness is Mrs. Krapotnik, Carolyn’s neighbor. Nico called her to establish that she has seen Rusty outside Carolyn’s apartment. However, when Nico asks who in the courtroom she has seen at Carolyn’s apartment, she points at the judge, and then at Tommy. She leaves the stand amidst laughter, and court ends for the day.

That night, Rusty reflects that going home after court feels the same. He sits in the dark, too wired to go to sleep, and thinks about his relationships with the people in his life.

Part 2, Chapter 28 Summary

The next day, Raymond is due to testify, and the atmosphere of the courtroom is intense. The jury knows of Raymond from his work as PA; although Nico is the PA now, they don’t know him yet.

Tommy examines Raymond first. Raymond tells the court that he doesn’t remember who suggested Rusty take Carolyn’s case. Sandy doesn’t object to anything but observes Raymond closely. Raymond testifies that Rusty knew about his affair with Carolyn but never told Raymond about his own affair. Raymond claims that if he’d known, he wouldn’t have assigned Rusty the case.

In the cross-examination, Sandy establishes that Raymond is emotional about the case, and is “taking shots” at Rusty. Raymond is now one of the leading defense attorneys in the county, and it will hurt Sandy if he makes an enemy of Raymond. Rusty told Sandy ahead of time that he has no problem if Sandy takes it easy on Raymond to preserve the relationship.

Sandy, however, surprises Rusty by going after Raymond for not telling Rusty about the B file, and for removing it from Carolyn’s office after her death. Judge Lyttle surprises everyone by breaching protocol to deem the line of questioning irrelevant, but Nico says he has no problem with the line of questioning.

Sandy points out that Carolyn specifically asked to investigate the B file, even though it was outside her purview in the Rape Section. She did so while she had a personal relationship with Raymond. Sandy then points out that although Raymond claims he could be professional despite his affair with Carolyn, he doesn’t seem to believe the same of Rusty, who was his second-in-command for years. By the end of cross-examination, Rusty realizes that Raymond’s testimony has shifted the jury toward the defense.

Part 2, Chapter 29 Summary

During the lunch break, Sandy and Rusty discuss the case—they still have the challenge of Dr. Kumagai’s testimony. The physical evidence is the prosecution’s main strategy, and Kumagai’s cross-examination is their only real opportunity to push back against it. Sandy doesn’t have a specific strategy yet, beyond the fact that Kumagai is generally seen as an unpleasant person, hopefully by the jury as well.

Rusty tells Sandy how he met Raymond, who defended his father against tax evasion charges, although his father later went to jail. After his father was sent to prison, he had fallen back into old patterns established in a Nazi labor camp and then an Allied camp during World War II. He died three years later.

In the afternoon, Sandy’s cross-examination of Raymond continues. Sandy points out that, without being asked, in their final meeting Rusty said he wasn’t at Carolyn’s house that night. He points out how strange it was for a seasoned prosecutor to do such a thing, especially if he was planning to get away with murder. Sandy also points out that Raymond trusted Rusty enough to make him chief deputy rather than Nico, and Nico looks chagrined. As Raymond’s responses shift, Rusty realizes that Sandy’s questions have caused Raymond to doubt Rusty’s guilt.

In the judge’s chambers later, Sandy admits that the defense’s theory is that Rusty was framed for Carolyn’s murder. Rusty hadn’t known this was what Sandy had in mind and doesn’t understand. He realizes that Sandy is going to use Tommy’s participation in the B file to show that the case against Rusty was “manufactured.” When Rusty confronts Sandy about his change in tactic, asking for an explanation, Sandy sidesteps the question.

Part 2, Chapter 30 Summary

That night, Rusty meets Lionel Kenneally at a bar. Lionel tells him that the police department believes that Rusty will be acquitted because Nico rushed the case at Tommy’s behest. Rusty asks what was happening at North Branch when Carolyn and Tommy were there, eight or nine years earlier. Lionel tells him that he heard things but was sure that Tommy Molto wasn’t involved. When Rusty asks him if Carolyn was implicated in the rumors, Lionel doesn’t answer.

Finally, Lionel tells Rusty that Carolyn was sleeping with Lyttle, who was a judge in North Branch at the time. Carolyn often acted as referee when Tommy and Lyttle disagreed. Rusty realizes that “something’s not right” (296) and knows that the B file is at the center of it.

Part 2, Chapters 21-30 Analysis

In these chapters, Turow further develops Rusty’s character and his relationship with his family. Particularly during the trial, his relationship with Barbara changes—she becomes supportive, and Rusty notes that “[h]er instants of selfless love, so focused on me, are balm for my abraded ego” (189). However, he also recognizes that he sometimes “despise[s] her” (189). Rusty and Barbara are stuck in a dysfunctional relationship, which Rusty describes as “a sickening cycle, a tug of war” (189). Their relationship is rooted in Rusty’s observation of his own parents’ relationship, and his relationship with his father. Rusty feels these connections deeply, confessing to “feel[ing] the force of the large personages of my life circling about me like the multiple moons of some far planet” (264). Rusty is affected by the power struggle in his relationship with Barbara, which foreshadows her role in murdering Carolyn and framing Rusty. This primary relationship and its impact mirrors Rusty’s other close relationships, which often give him a feeling of being overpowered or weak.

Rusty continues to explore this web of attachments and his feelings of both love and shame throughout the novel, connecting to the theme of The Effect of Parenting on Adult Children. In these chapters, he reveals more about his mother, who “was phobic about venturing beyond our apartment building or the ship” (224). Rusty and his mother had a deeply loving relationship, but he comes to recognize the close resemblance between his mother and Barbara, which again, as with his relationship with Nat, leads him to worry that he is like his father. Similarly, though he loved his mother and loves Barbara, Rusty highlights their close relationship in this section, which further foreshadows Barbara’s dark nature.

Rusty’s evolving dynamic with Barbara and his reflections on his own parents reinforce how unresolved traumas from one generation shape the next. His mother’s agoraphobia mirrors Barbara’s reclusive tendencies, highlighting Rusty’s anxieties about his own life coming full circle. Meanwhile, Rusty’s fear of becoming like his father, a man marked by his brutality and infidelity, underscores his internal struggle with the choices he has made, especially his affair with Carolyn. This duality between love and shame continues to haunt Rusty and influences his actions throughout the trial, where he fights not only for his freedom but also to escape his past.

Turow offers deeply personal scenes and reflections alongside the technical rendering of Rusty’s murder trial, exploring the arraignment, pre-trial motions, and the true purpose of opening statements. By exploring the process, Turow again illustrates his own, and Rusty’s, credibility. Turow incorporates dynamic language and imagery, which balances the procedural atmosphere. On the first day of the trial, he describes it as “[s]unup on the morning of battle; Christians against lions back in Rome. Blood is on the air. Spectators have crammed themselves into every linear inch available” (232). Turow’s imagery imparts both the excitement and prurient interest on the first day of a notorious trial, and he uses the imagery of blood and war to evoke the suspense and tension of the moment, as well as highlighting the spectacle of court and its adversarial, almost battle-like nature.

This imagery also connects to the theme of Performance’s Role in Courtroom Strategy. Like the “Christians against lions back in Rome” (232), Rusty is facing the end of his life as he knows it in front of a crowd that has “crammed themselves” into the courtroom to witness the trial. Through the first-person point of view, Rusty’s trial unfolds in real time. He notes that because he is not one of the lawyers, as he usually is, he has time to observe them at their work. As he watches his lawyer cross-examine the prosecution’s witnesses, he notes “Sandy’s playacting,” in which he feigns confusion or ignorance for the jury. Rusty comes to admire his lawyer as the trial continues, impressed by his abilities, noting that “Sandy’s calculations are not about facts or strategy but character. He is trying to figure [Raymond] out” (269). Rusty appreciates this, recognizing a fellow observer, someone who, like himself, is interested in untangling and understanding someone’s character.

The theme of Performance’s Role in Courtroom Strategy is emphasized through Rusty’s shift from being a participant in the system to an observer of it. As he witnesses the carefully crafted strategies of both sides, he begins to understand how much of the courtroom revolves around manipulating perception and controlling the narrative. His reflections on Sandy’s approach reveal the intricate dance between fact and performance that defines the trial. Moreover, the power dynamics between the prosecution and defense hinge not just on evidence but on the ability to influence the jury’s emotions and perspectives. Turow uses this exploration of courtroom tactics to underscore the precarious nature of justice, which often depends on the effectiveness of performance rather than the clarity of truth.

Although Rusty is the defendant, and thus an observer of the proceedings, he is also a lawyer who loves the courtroom. As Sandy stands to give his opening statement, Rusty admits to being “full of envy” because of the excitement of leading a big case (239). He remembers the biggest case of his career, the Night Saints trial, as “taking hold of a live wire, a drumming excitement that did not stop, even in sleep […] I am sad suddenly, briefly despairing over my lost trade” (239). Rusty’s work is essential to his identity, and this trial threatens more than his freedom. Even if he is found not guilty, Rusty’s career could end because of the associations made and bridges burned during the trial.

This sense of loss and Rusty’s nostalgia for his work highlight the duality of his situation: He is both the accused and an admirer of the process that now aims to condemn him. This internal conflict adds layers to Rusty’s character, revealing a man caught between the life he knows and the one he fears losing. Turow captures the irony of Rusty’s predicament; as a prosecutor, he once wielded the power to direct trials, and now he must rely on the skills of others to save himself. This dynamic further emphasizes the idea of performance, as Rusty realizes that his fate depends on Sandy’s ability to play the role convincingly enough to sway the jury.

The Connection Between Law and Politics is also brought to the forefront in these chapters, particularly through the portrayal of Nico and the unfolding tensions between the prosecution and defense. Rusty recognizes that Nico’s actions are motivated not just by the pursuit of justice, but by political ambition and personal grudges. The rivalry between Nico and Rusty becomes more than a courtroom conflict—it’s a reflection of the political machinations that permeate the legal system. Sandy’s strategy to imply that Rusty was framed by Nico and Tommy’s overreach hints at the deep ties between law and politics, where power and ambition can distort the pursuit of truth. Turow’s depiction of this dynamic reinforces the precariousness of justice in a system where personal interests and political maneuvering can hold sway.

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