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54 pages 1 hour read

Robert Harris

Pompeii: A Novel

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2003

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Part 1Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “Mars”

Chapter 1 Summary: "CONTICINIUM"

Marcus Attilius Primus is a young Roman aqueduct engineer from a long line of Attilia, the aqueduct engineers of the Roman Empire. In the year 79 AD, he is dispatched to the southern city of Neapolis (modern-day Naples) to work on an aqueduct that will supply the city with water. He is younger and shorter than his team. When he leads them on a pre-dawn exploratory mission, they complain about being sent on a "fool's errand" (3). The local overseer, Gavius Corax, resents receiving instructions from a younger man. Attilius decides that the best way to deal with Corax's insubordination is to "ignore him" (5). They find the cross that Attilius marked with chalk the previous day.

Attilius surveys the landscape, from the nearby dormant volcano Mount Vesuvius to the "plains of Campania" (7). The Augusta is the name of the "longest aqueduct in the world" (8) which carries water to Pompeii, Nola, Acerrae, Atella, Neapolis, Puteoli, Cumae, Baiae, and Misenum. Amid the recent drought, however, the water from Augusta has ceased to flow. Attilius has been tasked with diagnosing and repairing the problem. Following the techniques he learned as an engineering student, Attilius surveys the landscape in the dawn light and locates a source of water vapor, which Corax dismisses as "smoke" (11). Attilius and the men dig into the ground. Attilius digs with the men, working so hard that he silences Corax's complaints. As deep as they dig, however, they find no water. Attilius returns to the port town of Misenum, a town which only exists thanks to the water supplied by the now-dry Augusta aqueduct. He thinks about this "strange country" (15). 

Chapter 2 Summary: "HORA UNDECIMA"

Villa Hortensia is a large coastal residence on the outskirts of Misenum. Numerius Popidius Ampliatus is a former slave who has become a "millionaire" (16) as the result of land speculation. Ampliatus prepares to execute one of his slaves by feeding him to the eels, as this is how he believes "an aristocrat ought to behave" (17). Ampliatus watches with his son, Celsinus, and a large crowd as the slave is thrown into the pond containing the moray eels. His wife and daughter have been ordered to stay inside. Ampliatus believes the nameless slave "poisoned" (19) his expensive red mullet fish and sentenced the man to death. The slave insists that he is innocent, blaming the water. As he is pushed toward the eel pool, he calls on Ampliatus to contact the aquarius.

In the mansion, Ampliatus's daughter Corelia hears the slave's screams. She knows the slave's name to be Hipponax and knows that his mother Atia works in the kitchens. She comforts Atia and agrees to go with her to find the aquarius. They visit the reservoir of the Aqua Augusta, where Attilius is in his "cramped bachelor accommodation" (23) after returning form his expedition. The rooms were previously occupied by his predecessor, Exomnius, who disappeared in mysterious circumstances. The sight of Corelia reminds Attilius of his wife Sabina, who died at the age of "just twenty-two" (25). Corelia demands that Attilius return with her to investigate the death of the red mullet. Corax and the workers mock her. Attilius is intrigued by the strange events, believing them to be "omens, portents, auspices" (27). He accompanies Corelia to the mansion.

They walk through the multi-cultural town and arrive at the mansion. At Corelia's insistence, Attilius tastes the fresh water from the mansion's pipes that pours into the red mullet enclosure. After tasting the water, he rushes down to the seafront where the execution is taking place. However, he is too late: the slave is already dead. On checking the freshwater pipes that feed into the enclosure, Attilius confirms the presence of sulfur. The sulfur, rather than the slave, killed the "precious fish" (36). Ampliatus is annoyed by Attilius's intrusion. His angry interrogation of Attilius is interrupted by Atia who—smeared in "her son's blood" (38)—shouts a curse at Ampliatus. Attilius makes a hasty exit.

Chapter 3 Summary: “HORA DUODECIMA”

Attilius realizes that sulfur is leaking into the aqueduct and “polluting Misenum’s water” (39). He alerts Corax and the workmen. They inspect the reservoir, determining that the water remains “just about” (43) drinkable but the amount of stored water is falling rapidly. Attilius estimates that Misenum has two days’ worth of drinking water. He notices the "flash of fear" (45) on Corax's face. Their inspection is interrupted by the terrible news that the aqueduct is failing as far away as Nola and Neopolis. Attilius orders his men to load a cart with repair equipment. He tells the messengers that he is "organizing repairs" (47). Examining a map, he notes that the drying aqueduct will leave "two hundred thousand people without water" (48). He makes the decision to shut off the reservoir, therefore cutting the supply line to the nearby navy yard. Corax is angry but Attilius insists.

After closing the sluice gates, Attilius goes to visit the admiral to explain his actions. Admiral Gaius Plinius, also known as Pliny, "thinks he knows everything about everything" (51). Pliny is the author of an encyclopedia titled Natural History. While walking through the city, Attilius stops to ask a man who has travelled from Pompeii about the city's water levels. The man says the city had water when he left but says also that it smelled of sulfur, which he considered to be "a terrible omen" (53). When the local water fountains stop working, people fight one another for access to the "last of the water" (54).

Chapter 4 Summary: "VESPERA"

As the sun sets, Attilius arrives at Pliny's official residence. In his "high-pitched wheeze" (56), Pliny threatens to arrest Attilius for cutting the navy's access to fresh water, as Corax has already turned the admiral against Attilius. The young man ignores Pliny's accusations and asks "to borrow a ship" (57). Attilius gathers the admiral's officers together and shows them a map, outlining the way in which the aqueduct must have failed. Corax mocks his boss but "grudgingly" (61) concedes that Attilius's plan to find and repair the possible leak may actually work. Pliny agrees that the environment is behaving strangely, which may have led to an earthquake which damaged the pipes. Using a cup of wine, he shows the gathered men how the world around them is "vibrating slightly" (62), though almost imperceptibly and only in phases.

Pliny's military comrade Pomponianus suggests that they sacrifice a bull to Zeus; Attilius laughs. Pliny agrees to give Attilius his fastest ship and decrees that water in the city will be rationed, even though the following day is a public holiday. Attilius notices that Corax's interjections seem designed to keep the young aquarius "away from Pompeii" (66). Closing the meeting, Pliny notices the vibrating earth again. He decides to sacrifice the bull and tells Attilius that the water will need to be restored in two days' time.

Chapter 5 Summary: "NOCTE INTEMPESTA"

Near midnight, Attilius lays on his bed and thinks about "the sight of the corpse, dragged from the pool of eels" (68). His thoughts switch to his family, dwelling on his ancestors' work as aqueduct engineers. He wonders whether they might have worked on Augusta with Exomnius, whose disappearance may be associated with the disappearance of the water. Exomnius's possessions are still in the room. Attilius examines them, finding a pair of loaded dice and a gold plate which was "the property of a freed slave" (71).

Attilius thinks about Corelia and walks uphill to her mountain, remembering how surprised and alarmed her father had been to hear about Exomnius's disappearance. Though he calls for Corelia, he finds only Atia, huddled in rags outside the mansion walls. She has been "badly beaten" (73) and left to die in the street. As a distant guard calls out the midnight hour, Attilius picks up Atia and carries her into the city.

Part 1 Analysis

Pompeii opens with the protagonist Attilius facing a figurative and literal uphill battle. As he leads his work crew up the slopes of the Bay of Naples, he struggles to assert his authority. Attilius is a young, intelligent man but he does not yet command the respect of the older, more experienced crew. This tension is a key part of Attilius's character. As the last in a long line of engineers who have worked on the most famous Roman aqueducts, he feels he has an obligation to live up to his family name. He cannot achieve this while the crew do not respect him, however, and they seem unwilling to give him the chance to prove himself. Attilius's intelligence and his family history mean nothing to the working-class men who have had none of Attilius's privileges in life. Their resentment is embodied in Corax. As the senior man on the team, Corax is the person most responsible for undermining Attilius's authority. Attilius's battle to win the respect of his crew and to make his family proud become, essentially, a battle against Corax. At this stage of the novel, Attilius still believes that he can win over the more experienced man to his side. Just as the men are struggling up a hill (which hides the geological power which is about to be unleashed on Pompeii), Attilius does not yet comprehend the powerful forces which lie ahead of him—his uphill battle will be about more than just respect, just as the volcano is more than just a hill.

In Misenum, Attilius meets Corelia. The impetuous daughter of a rich merchant strikes him as being remarkably similar to his deceased wife. If the repair and maintenance of the aqueduct is Attilius's social and communal motivation, Corelia represents an individual motivation. Following the deaths of his wife and child, Attilius has forsaken individual desires. He has abandoned self-interest and given himself over to the service of the empire, striving to be a model Roman citizen. The trauma of Attilius's past compels him to adhere to this idea of Roman identity, but the introduction of Corelia reintroduces personal self-interest to his life. For the first time since his wife's death, he notices a person of the opposite sex.

Attilius does not fall in love with Corelia at first sight and he is not overcome by her beauty. Instead, he is struck by her compassion for a wrongly-executed slave and her desire to do the right thing. Corelia stands apart from society in the same way that Attilius does. Both characters embody the theme Modern Attitudes in a Classical World and this shared anachronist tendency brings them together. Corelia is not a replacement for Attilius's dead wife; rather, she is the first person to move him on a personal level since his loss. This is enough for him to want to help her and, later, to want to save her.

Corelia is not merely a romantic interest for the protagonist. She is an assertive figure in her own right. Despite the patriarchal nature of Roman society, which denies power to women and pushes them to the fringes of society, she decides to rebel. Her father is a powerful man; many people are afraid of Ampliatus. Corelia is not afraid of her father. She goes against his wishes and seeks to undermine his authority because she resents his corruption. As part of her rebellion, she recruits Attilius. Recognizing that she lacks the authority and status to save the condemned man, she employs Atilius's expertise and status as a man in a position of authority to defy her father by proxy. Corelia uses Attilius as a weapon in the war against her father, finding novel ways in which to assert her agency in a society that marginalizes her.

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