57 pages • 1 hour read
Abdulrazak GurnahA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Khalil returns at dawn but says nothing of his absence. He distances himself from Yusuf. Yusuf visits the Mistress again, and she talks of her first husband whom she married when she was almost 15 and he was in his 50s. He was a widower, and all his children had died after a few weeks. Zulekha’s father had given her Mzee Hamdani as a wedding gift. Buying and selling enslaved people was forbidden but not keeping people who were already enslaved. Hamdani’s mother had been enslaved and had died. Zulekha has Yusuf sit closer to her. She has him touch her face, and she holds her hand over his. Eventually, he leaves without saying a prayer. Amina is rather distant. Yusuf finds Hamdani in the garden and asks why he didn’t take his freedom when the Mistress offered it. He answers that he is free every morning he wakes up and has been since the moment he was born. Zulekha, he says, cannot give him what is not hers to offer. Hamdani states that gardening is his life’s work. Yusuf asks Khalil about Amina, but Khalil tells him to let her answer for herself.
Yusuf visits Zulekha three nights in a row, and the lack of communication persists between him and Khalil because of it. Zulekha asks about Yusuf’s mother and the trade journey. He asks her questions that are intended for Amina, but Amina deflects them. Zulekha doesn’t want to hear Amina speak so much compared to Yusuf, so she interrupts and heavily compliments Yusuf on his good looks. She suggests he breathe on her face to heal her. Yusuf leaves after Zulekha dismisses Amina, though he touches her face first. Amina is waiting for him. She warns Yusuf to keep away from the Mistress because her obsession has grown stronger. Yusuf resists, saying that only by visiting the Mistress can he keep seeing Amina. He asks again why she doesn’t resemble her brother. She explains that they are not siblings. Khalil’s father once saw someone try to kidnap two little girls in a boat, so he tried to save them. The kidnappers got away with her sister, and Khalil’s father adopted her. The man who drew up the adoption papers made the amulet to protect her. She describes her life now as hellish. She envies Yusuf’s joy at working in the garden. Yusuf asks if she will leave Uncle Aziz, but she laughs and responds that she always knew he was a dreamer.
Yusuf asks Khalil why he couldn’t just tell him about Amina, and Khalil responds that he was ashamed. Khalil tells him what he knows about Amina: She and her sister were magendo, “property” to be sold off. Khalil’s father called Amina kifa urongo, like Khalil called Yusuf, and would feed her like a little bird and listen to her chatter. One day he said he would give her their name, citing the reference to God making all people from a clot of blood. Khalil was to be rehani until Amina was of age to marry, but their father died before that could happen. Then Mohammed Abdalla came to take them away, and he made Amina undress and molested her. If Amina leaves without the seyyid’s blessing, Khalil will be rehani again or have to repay the debt; therefore, Amina won’t leave. Khalil stays there out of honor, to make up for his father’s sin of having sold her. Yusuf refutes Khalil’s reasoning, stating that he’s hiding behind the concept of honor. However, he feels his resolve crumble when Khalil questions him about where he would go with Amina, what they would do, and how they would stay safe. Yusuf imagines making his case for leaving to Amina, arguing that though they would lose the beautiful garden and be banished, things could be better than now. He thinks of his parents, too, and realizes that he holds no remorse for them. He imagines visiting them when he’s free to thank them for the hard life lessons they taught him by selling him.
Khalil’s gaiety returns, and customers speculate on why. In the evening, Yusuf visits Zulekha for the last time. He plans to ask Amina to leave with him. However, Zulekha meets him alone at the door. She speaks to him passionately and puts her hands on his shoulder. He turns to run, and she grabs his shirt from behind, ripping it. Khalil goes in to calm her while Yusuf sits on the terrace, reeling from the encounter. Yusuf imagines where he could flee among the places he’s known, but nowhere is safe. When Khalil comes out, he reports that Zulekha says Yusuf attacked her and tore her clothes. She has sent Khalil to gather townspeople so she can make accusations in front of witnesses. Yusuf pleads his innocence, but Khalil already believes him because this was the kind of situation that he had warned Yusuf about. Khalil thinks Yusuf should leave immediately, but Yusuf thinks that will make him look even more like a criminal. When they return to the shop, they realize Uncle Aziz has returned. Yusuf sleeps, not afraid to face him.
Uncle Aziz approaches Yusuf at daybreak. Yusuf pleads his innocence, but Uncle Aziz is more concerned with why he visited the Mistress in the house so often. Yusuf admits that he went so often to see Amina. Uncle Aziz seems somewhat satisfied and mentions that he stopped in Yusuf’s town recently. He states that Yusuf’s father has died and his mother has moved away. He was going to make an offer to let Yusuf continue to work with him and call the debt paid. Uncle Aziz lets Yusuf kiss his ring and says they’ll discuss his plans for Yusuf to travel for him later. As he leaves, he warns Yusuf and Khalil to be wary of Germans who might start kidnapping people for their army, as there may be war between the Germans and English soon.
Khalil tells the customers that Uncle Aziz has found girls for him and Yusuf to marry, sisters. Khalil says that they can have a double wedding and live across the road and work in the shop. Yusuf initially thinks that Khalil’s exuberance with this tale is his relief that things didn’t go badly with the merchant, but then he realizes that Khalil is mocking him, that while Khalil is still there to atone for his father’s sins in selling Amina, Yusuf has no such excuse. Yet they are both servile and kiss the merchant’s ring. Khalil laughingly tells Yusuf that he had better start calling Uncle Aziz “seyyid” now.
When askari soldiers arrive, led by a German officer, the people scatter and hide. Khalil and Yusuf board up the shop and peer out to watch as the askaris lounge in the clearing. He sends sets of three askaris to search the area. The set that checks the garden and house reports that there is fruit but nothing else. The other sets return with men they have rounded up. After a while, they march off in a column toward town. Khalil checks on the house while Yusuf checks out the remains of the askari encampment. Beyond the shade tree, he sees dogs eating at the piles of excrement. They shield their food from him, as if they recognize that he is someone who would eat it, too. Yusuf recalls his dream of his cowardice covered in its afterbirth and relates it to the terror he first felt when he was abandoned by his parents. He feels he knows what his hunger and fear would turn into. Behind him, the door to the garden bolts shut. Yusuf runs after the column of marching men.
In the Koran, God makes humans from ‘alaq, which is often translated as a “clot of blood,” but can also mean an embryo or a leech. In general, all the translations suggest a “clinging thing,” which frames this last section of the novel appropriately, as each character is shown to cling to something. Yusuf clings to his romantic fantasies of escaping with Amina. Even after Amina warns him to stay away, he refuses. When he asks if she will leave Uncle Aziz, she merely laughs, saying that she knew he was a dreamer. Her responses to him contribute to the overall characterization of Yusuf as someone naïve or hopeful. But even while Yusuf clings to his hope and his dreams for the future, he does come to understand the more grounded, if jaded, view of the world exhibited by Khalil and Amina. Although the concept of ‘alaq inspired Khalil’s father to rescue Amina from the kidnapper and adopt her as his own child, he later sells her and Khalil to Aziz to pay off his debt. Either the concept of ‘alaq is not stronger than financial stress, or the idea that we are all made from the same clot of blood can cover a multitude of infractions: if we are all made up of each other, then anyone might be thought to have agency over others.
Yusuf doesn’t understand why Khalil seems to cling to Aziz, especially since his debt was paid off when the merchant married Amina. Khalil’s response that he stays to make up for his father’s sin of selling Amina, points to his clinging to both fear and honor. He could leave, but he fears being without his sister since they have no more family to seek out. Further, Amina won’t leave without the seyyid’s approval because Khalil would become a rehani again; Amina has no hope of Aziz granting approval. Angry that his dreams are confronting a messy reality, Yusuf calls honor “just another noble word to hide behind” (232), just as he has seen how “tribute” is a kind of bribery and “rehani” is another word for slavery and child abandonment. Khalil clings to the idea of honor as the last thing left for him, but Yusuf fails to realize that he also clings to the comfort of family and some sense of belonging.
Yusuf also considers Mzee Hamdani to be clinging to hollow notions when he asks him why he hasn’t left, since the Mistress granted him his freedom. Hamdani claims that freedom is not anyone’s to give or take, arguing, “They can lock you up, put you in chains, abuse all your small longings, but freedom is not something they can take away. When they have finished with you, they are still as far away from owning you as they were on the day you were born” (224). Yusuf dismisses the old gardener’s thoughts as the “wisdom of endurance and impotence” (224), not something useful while in the bonds of the proverbial chains. But Hamdani’s path has formed in the garden, so he at least has purpose, whether it was one he chose for himself or not.
By the end of the novel, Yusuf seems to have shifted his understanding of how “clinging” can be meaningful. Previously, Yusuf clings to his fantasies of a better future, and dismisses the practical stances of Amina and Khalil. Yet, the models set by Khalil who clings honorably to his sister’s fate and Hamdani who clings to a life purpose of serving nature do eventually seem to take hold in Yusuf. While the conclusion of the novel is somewhat vague and open-ended, his decision to run off and join the German army conveys his understanding that freedom may well be defined by sacrifice, but a sacrifice freely chosen. Life in the army will not be without limitations, but it is a life and a path that Yusuf has finally been able to choose for himself within the realistic opportunities available.