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68 pages 2 hours read

Samuel Richardson

Pamela

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1740

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Chapters 1-15Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “Letter I”

Content warning: These Chapter Summaries and Analyses include references to attempted rape, sexual harassment, and thoughts of death by suicide.

Pamela Andrews, a young girl employed as a servant, writes to her parents with news that the woman she works for, Lady B, has died. Pamela is sad because Lady B. was kind to her; she is also worried about what will happen to her job, fearing that she might become “a burden to my dear parents” (43). However, Lady B urged her son, Mr. B, to be kind to Pamela, and he promised that he would be. After his mother’s death, Mr. B gives Pamela some money, which is notable because she has never received cash wages before. She sends this money to her parents along with the letter.

After she writes the first part of the letter, Mr. B. enters the room, causing Pamela to hide the letter in her bosom. Clearly interested, Mr. B demands the letter, and reads it, praising her handwriting and spelling. He tells her that she can use his mother’s library. Pamela’s letter notes that Mr. B seems to be a good and kind man, even though he previously had a reputation as a rake.

Chapter 2 Summary: “Letter II”

Pamela’s parents write back to her, and express their concern about the way that Mr. B is treating her. While they “hope that the good squire has no design” (45), they fear he may have ulterior motives, and remind Pamela that her chastity is of the utmost importance. They tell her to be cautious and to come home to them if Mr. B tries to seduce her. They decide not to spend the money she’s sent them until they are sure it was not given with any nefarious intention.

Chapter 3 Summary: “Letter III”

Due to her parents’ letter, Pamela is now “suspicious and fearful” (46) of Mr. B. However, she remains hopeful that Mr. B will behave honorably, since she doesn’t understand why he would pursue her—he is so socially so far above her. She is also insistent that she will maintain her virtue at any cost, since she would rather “die a thousand deaths, rather than be dishonest any way” (47). She mentions that Mrs. Jervis, the housekeeper, has been very kind to her.

Chapter 4 Summary: “Letter IV”

Since Lady B’s death, her daughter Lady Davers—the sister of Mr. B—has been visiting. Pamela has heard through the gossip of other servants that Mr. B and Lady Davers were discussing her. Lady Davers said that Pamela was too attractive to work for an unmarried man, since Mr. B’s future wife would undoubtedly be jealous of her, and suggested that Pamela should come and work for her instead. Mr. B readily agreed, which pleases Pamela, since she believes this means that “he has nothing bad in his heart” (48).

Chapter 5 Summary: “Letter V”

Pamela writes cheerfully to her parents. She has nothing particular to tell them, but she enjoys writing, and it is easy to send the letters since John (the footman) is always happy to bring the letters to them. Pamela is getting along well with the kindly Mrs. Jervis, who became protective when a male household servant tried to flirt with Pamela. Pamela also no longer worries about Mr. B: “I am quite fearless of any danger now” (49.)

Chapter 6 Summary: “Letter VI”

In the presence of Mrs. Jervis, Mr. B gifts Pamela clothes that used to belong to his mother—an incredibly expensive present in 18th century England. She is concerned that the clothes are “too rich and too good for me” (50), but she appreciates his kindness. Mr. B also asks Mrs. Jervis how Pamela behaves around young men, claiming to be concerned that her beauty might make her vulnerable. Mrs. Jervis reassures him that Pamela is always modest and virtuous.

Chapter 7 Summary: “Letter VII”

Mr. B gives Pamela more gifts, but this time, without Mrs. Jervis there. Pamela feels embarrassed and awkward, especially since some of the gifts are intimate items such as stockings. Pamela confides to Mrs. Jervis what has happened, but Mrs. Jervis suggests that Mr. B might be preparing Pamela for a new job with Lady Davers. Pamela is unsettled by the incident, but hopes everything will be fine.

Chapter 8 Summary: “Letter VIII”

Pamela’s parents write back, expressing their worry, and urging Pamela again to “resolve to lose your life rather than your virtue” (52). They are worried that Mr. B might easily be able to manipulate her, especially because of his power and authority. They wish that Pamela would move to the home of Lady Davers, but are somewhat comforted by the presence of Mrs. Jervis, and urge Pamela to do whatever the housekeeper says.

Chapter 9 Summary: “Letter IX”

Pamela reports to her parents that she will not be going to work for Lady Davers after all: Mr. B objected to the presence of Lady Davers’s nephew, claiming to fear that this young man might seduce Pamela or that she might fall in love with him. However, Lady Davers gave the cryptic response “Ah! Brother!” implying there are other factors at play. Pamela admits that, “my heart at times misgives me” (53).

Chapter 10 Summary: “Letter X”

Pamela sends a distressed letter to her parents, lamenting that, “now it is too plain, that all your cautions were well-grounded” (53): Mr. B has betrayed her trust and insulted her honor. Pamela explains that she already wrote a long letter explaining everything that happened, but that letter has gone missing. She suspects that Mr. B may have intercepted it. She has had limited opportunities since then to write down what happened, as Mr. B now seems mistrustful of the time she spends writing and wants her to spend more time on tasks such as embroidering a waistcoat for him.

Chapter 11 Summary: “Letter XI”

Pamela finally explains what happened. One day, she was alone in the garden when Mr. B came upon her. He suggested that it was more advantageous for Pamela to stay with him rather than go and work for Lady Davers; when Pamela began to say that she would prefer to go to Lady Davers, he grabbed and kissed her. Pamela chastised him, appealing to his social status and arguing that “to be so free to a poor servant” (55) is demeaning for him. Mr. B became angry, and told Pamela not to tell anyone what happened. He tried to give her money, but when she rejected it, he stormed off. Pamela breaks off her letter, promising to write and continue her story soon.

Chapter 12 Summary: “Letter XII”

Pamela continues to describe what happened. She has thought about leaving Mr. B’s household, but is confused about how to proceed, and whether she should take or leave the gifts of clothing that he gave her. To increase her security, she asks Mrs. Jervis to share a bed, and Mrs. Jervis agrees. Pamela tells Mrs. Jervis what happened, deciding that “to keep a secret of such a nature, would be, as I apprehended, to deprive myself of the good advice which I never wanted more” (57). Mrs. Jervis expresses her concern and wishes she and Pamela had the means to live independently somewhere. Pamela decides to stay in the household, although she continues to feel worried, and wishes she had never left her family home.

Chapter 13 Summary: “Letter XIII”

Pamela’s parents urge Pamela to return home to them and “share our poverty with safety” (59).

Chapter 14 Summary: “Letter XIV”

Mr. B questions Mrs. Jervis about Pamela’s character, annoyed by Mrs. Jervis’s insistence that Pamela is virtuous and innocent. Mr. B complains that Pamela is “a subtle, artful little gypsey” (60); he tells Mrs. Jervis that Pamela has misconstrued the kindness he has shown towards her, and has been gossiping about what she perceives as his misconduct. Pamela surmises that Mr. B must have stolen the first letter in which she confided to her parents about his sexual overtures to her.

Chapter 15 Summary: “Letter XV”

Mr. B finds Pamela as she is writing the previous letter. He complains that after the events in the summerhouse (he forcibly kissed her), he told her not to tell anyone what happened. Nonetheless, Pamela went ahead and told and wrote about these events. Pamela argues that, if he hasn’t done anything wrong, he should not be upset that she spoke about it. She laments that he should not have stolen her letter, and argues that she needed to ask advice because she is in vulnerable position.

Pamela begins to cry and Mr. B seizes her, kissing and fondling her. Pamela manages to break free and run to her room, where she locks herself in, and then collapses in a swoon. Mr. B breaks into the room, but then leaves Mrs. Jervis to tend to Pamela. He later comes back and insists to Mrs. Jervis that he did nothing wrong and that Pamela is overreacting. He arranges a meeting between the three of them the following day, seemingly to turn Pamela out of the house. Pamela dreads the meeting.

Chapters 1-15 Analysis

Pamela is an epistolary novel (composed of letters). This narrative conceit introduces both opportunities and challenges. The epistolary format allows characters to reflect upon and share their thoughts and feelings, and controls the pace and flow of action. It also allows for a richly intertextual structure, in which the contents of one letter into another speak directly to those of another. At the same time, the structure necessitates a delay in the action; Pamela can write about events only after they have taken place, and readers’ access to information is always mediated by a character’s account of events. Later the novel, Richardson will try to remedy the timeliness of this narrative style as Pamela switches to writing in her journal, as she will often interrupt her own writing with breathless on-the-scene reportage. Nevertheless, this structure raises questions about reliability and authenticity, which intersects with the novel’s themes.

Class and money quickly emerge as structuring principles in the plot. Pamela is sad when Lady B dies, but she immediately has pragmatic concerns about retaining her employment and income. She fears that “I should be quite destitute again, and forced to return to you” (43), revealing that her employment is an important source of income for her family, and that she occupies a position of responsibility towards her parents. The plot and action of Pamela is highly dependent on the emergence of capitalist systems of labor; while Pamela’s parents represent a more traditional agrarian lifestyle, Pamela engages in a more modern form of employment that provides cash wages. It also separates her from her family and community, leaving her vulnerable.

The death of Lady B. represents a symbolic orphaning for Pamela; her parents can advise her from afar, but they cannot actively intervene in the events of her life. Mrs. Jervis emerges as a maternal surrogate, but since she is also a working-class woman who is also financially dependent on Mr. B, she has limited ability to intercede for Pamela. Mrs. Jervis might wish that she could “take a little private house, and […] live with her like a daughter” (58), but her class and gender make it virtually impossible for her to fulfill this fantasy of a matriarchal world.

Pamela’s naivety reveals that while she may be a good writer, she is a poor reader of context, intentions. She refuses to believe that the dangerous and treacherous Mr. B has sinister motives until he assaults her for the first time, even arguing with her parents that “I see no cause to fear anything” (47). While Mr. B is partially positioned as the villainous man who poses a threat to a young woman’s virtue (anticipating the rise of this character archetype in Gothic fiction half a century later), his characterization also conflicts with that stereotype: He is young, handsome, rich, and unmarried, thus possessing qualities more typically associated with a romantic hero. Part of Pamela’s confusion about how to read and interpret Mr. B at the start of the novel reflects the reader’s uncertainty about how to position him, especially given the fact that novels like this one were a completely new genre with few established conventions.

As wealthy landowner, Mr. B would have many responsibilities to the manor and its surrounding countryside. However, as a spoiled and entitled young man accustomed to having whatever he wants, he fails to live up to his duties. For example, he mismanages his servants and he fails to seek an appropriate wife and secure his family line; instead, he pursues his own sexual gratification. Instead, Mr. B coasts on his inheritance; he sees women, especially as working-class women, as objects to be used for his convenience—whether sexually, as with Pamela, or to further his schemes, as later with Mrs. Jewkes. The amount of time and energy Mr. B expends on trying to seduce Pamela raises significant questions about his neglect of his estates.

Pamela’s status as a domestic servant creates a dangerous ambiguity of household intimacy. In the 18th century, the chastity of unmarried upper-class women was zealously guarded—their sexual purity ensured the paternity of children, on whom the transmission of property and wealth rested. However, because working-class women had no such hereditary responsibilities, they were often seen as sexually available. As a woman who works to earn money in a society where women have very few opportunities for this kind of employment, Pamela is socially only a few steps away from another type of working woman: a sex worker. Pamela’s assertion that “I am honest, though poor” (55) challenges the stereotype that working-class women use their bodies as commodities.

Pamela emerges as an unusual and liminal character, a kind of idealized class hybrid. Her beauty and elegant manners reflect her immersion in an upper-class world, and prefigure her eventually blending the guilelessness of a simple country girl with the refinement and grace of a well-educated member of the elite. While no context is ever provided for her literacy and education, she is an enthusiastic and skilled writer. She is also articulate and intelligent when making oral arguments; Pamela stuns Mr. B by not only rebuffing his advances, but also rebuking him using well-reasoned arguments about morality and social responsibility. Her verbal skills will enable witty repartee later in the novel, as she and Mr. B engage in genuine debates and exchanges of ideas, establishing a surprisingly egalitarian dynamic. Pamela provokes Mr. B (but also presumably intrigues him) by calling out his failures of responsibility and integrity.

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