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65 pages 2 hours read

Jennifer Chiaverini

Mrs. Lincoln's Dressmaker

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2013

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Chapters 11-14Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 11 Summary

The Confederate Army loses momentum in early 1865, particularly after the seizure of Savannah. The House of Representatives approves the 13th Amendment, outlawing slavery throughout the United States. A strong thunderstorm in Washington City frightens Elizabeth, hitting on the eve of Mr. Lincoln’s inauguration events. Elizabeth tries not to interpret the storm as a bad omen but refuses to attend the inauguration parade with Emma. Instead, she works on Mrs. Lincoln’s dress for the inauguration ball, listening eagerly to Emma’s reports on the parade while teaching her new sewing techniques. A Battalion of Colored Soldiers marched in the parade, bringing Elizabeth and Emma great pride. Emma speaks passionately about the inauguration, retelling Elizabeth about Mr. Lincoln’s encouraging and inspirational speech about putting an end to slavery, which he firmly states to be the cause of the Civil War. Although the war hasn’t yet ended, Mr. Lincoln looks forward to the future, reunifying the United States and building the country into a world leader. Emma reports that the sun shone on Mr. Lincoln as he spoke, which she interprets as God’s blessing. Mr. Lincoln asserted that the Civil War is God’s punishment for the existence of American slavery. He ends his remarks with promises of peace and recovery.

Overwhelmed with emotion from Emma’s happy account of the inauguration, Elizabeth shows Emma Mrs. Lincoln’s gown, teaching her the complex techniques necessary to sew the dress’s bodice. Elizabeth believes Emma has the talent and drive to carry on Elizabeth’s business. Elizabeth arrives at the White House to dress Mrs. Lincoln, who still appears agitated despite Mr. Lincoln’s victory. Elizabeth comforts Mrs. Lincoln, assuring her of happier times as the war concludes. Mrs. Lincoln shares details from inauguration day, including how the newly sworn-in Vice President, Andrew Johnson, arrived at the ceremony drunk, making a fool of himself. Elizabeth can tell that Mrs. Lincoln strongly disapproves of Andrew Johnson. While brushing Mr. Lincoln’s hair, Elizabeth senses tremendous unease among the first couple. They fear for Robert’s life as he returns to battle alongside General Grant; Mr. Lincoln demonstrates the weighty responsibility of closing the Civil War as promised. Of his many distinguished guests at the inaugural ball, Mr. Lincoln spends a significant amount of time speaking with Frederick Douglass, a well-known abolitionist writer and orator who speaks frequently about his experiences as an enslaved person. Elizabeth admits that Mr. Lincoln hasn’t always treated people of color equally, but she observes marked improvements in Mr. Lincoln’s way of speaking and acting to the formerly enslaved. She considers how her presence in the White House and as a close friend to the Lincolns may have influenced Mr. Lincoln.

Rebel soldiers abandon the Confederacy by the hundreds, arriving emaciated in Washington City and New York. Desperate for soldiers, the Confederate Army promises freedom to people of color should they enlist to support the South. Elizabeth and Emma feel betrayed by the three companies of Black troops that emerge to fight for the rebels. Not wanting to fight alongside free Black men, more white Confederate soldiers abandon their posts. Elizabeth pities the men so desperate for freedom they would betray their entire race.

On April 3, 1865, sounds of celebration interrupt Elizabeth’s meeting with a client. She rushes outside to discover that the Union Army seized Richmond in a skirmish led by the Bureau of Colored Troops. Elizabeth gives her young apprentices the day off to celebrate, joining them in jubilant festivities throughout Washington City. Elizabeth accompanies the Lincolns on a tour of the captured southern cities. In Richmond, Elizabeth enters Jefferson Davis’s offices and reads aloud a Confederate proclamation to disallow any free people of color entrance into Virginia. Elizabeth lets the paperwork fall to the floor as her tour guides reassure her safety. Elizabeth remembers her close bond with Mrs. Davis before Mr. Lincoln’s presidency. She prays for the safety of her old friend and the Davis children. However, she cannot muster a kind thought for Mr. Davis after his years of fighting for the continuation of slavery.

As the tour continues to Petersburg, Elizabeth feels anxious about returning to where she lived as an enslaved person 20 years prior. Elizabeth runs into an old acquaintance, Martha, a seamstress born into freedom. Noticing how frail her old friend appears, Elizabeth insists on providing a few Union dollars to Martha and her family. Elizabeth encourages Martha to travel to Washington City, where she would undoubtedly find success as a seamstress. Martha insists on staying with her daughters and grandson, though she acknowledges the problematic future that is sure to come for people of color in southern states.

Feeling melancholic, Elizabeth is eager to return to Washington City. The train slows and stalls several times, and Elizabeth finds the sluggish progress taunting. She enjoys watching Mr. Lincoln and Tad observe a terrapin. On their steamship, Mr. Lincoln admits feeling tired. He addresses his friends and colleagues shortly before introducing the military band and asking them to play “Dixie,” a traditional Southern ballad. Mr. Lincoln confesses to looking forward to several peaceful years before retiring at Mrs. Lincoln’s family estate. Happy to return home to Washington City, Elizabeth nearly enters her boarding house. She stops, noticing a large number of people milling about the streets. Elizabeth inquires about the commotion, learning that Union troops surround General Lee, and expectations for Confederate surrender are soon to follow.

Chapter 12 Summary

Elizabeth wakes the following morning to a 500-gun salute marking the capture of General Lee. Walking with Virginia, Walker, and their children, Elizabeth makes her way to the front of the White House, where Mr. Lincoln celebrates the capture with cheers and songs from the military band. The celebrations continue, but Elizabeth and Virginia return home with the children. Elizabeth realizes for as long as she has been close with the Lincolns, she has never personally heard Mr. Lincoln speak until this day. While preparing a dress for Mrs. Lincoln, Elizabeth asks permission to attend Mr. Lincoln’s next formal address, bringing Emma as her guest. Mrs. Lincoln happily agrees; however, at the event, Elizabeth is struck by a horrible thought as Mr. Lincoln speaks out in public: he could very easily be assassinated. She shares her concerns with Emma, who agrees.

During his public address, Mr. Lincoln promises to enfranchise men of color, permitting them the right to vote. The notion excites Elizabeth. Feeling elated the following day, she thanks Mrs. Lincoln for having her attend the speech as a guest. On a whim, Elizabeth shares her worries for Mr. Lincoln’s safety. Mrs. Lincoln confides that she and Mr. Lincoln both have premonitions of his death. Mr. Lincoln often dreams of traveling on a ship toward a dark shore. Additionally, he saw his own face, though pale and lifeless, reflected to him in a mirror. More recently, Mr. Lincoln dreamed of wandering through the White House filled with people mourning, only to discover they were mourning the assassinated president.

Although Elizabeth attempts to reassure Mrs. Lincoln that all is well, Mrs. Lincoln loses her composure while anxiously admitting to increasing security. She feels helpless in her efforts to protect her husband. While Elizabeth can tell Mr. Lincoln is troubled by his more complex decisions during the war, she observes him tenderly play with Tad and his pet goats.

Elizabeth dresses Mrs. Lincoln for evening events while enjoying a cheerful mood among the first family. After witnessing General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, Robert Lincoln returns home to spend time with his family and girlfriend. Although Mr. Lincoln is still plagued by the recurring nightmare onboard a ship approaching a dark shore, he appears lighter, knowing the war will soon reach its conclusion. Mrs. Lincoln privately reports that Mr. Lincoln has resumed sending her notes and flirting with her as if they are a courting couple. Elizabeth observes a loving moment when Mr. Lincoln encourages Robert to return to college and pursue law. Elizabeth finishes dressing Mrs. Lincoln for an evening out with Mr. Lincoln. The couple debated attending a theater performance, one of Mr. Lincoln’s favorite recreations.

A neighbor wakes Mrs. Lincoln in the middle of the night, informing her of an assassination attempt on Mr. Lincoln. She believes Mr. Lincoln is not mortally wounded, though she heard the entire presidential cabinet is dead. Walker Lewis agrees to walk Elizabeth to the heavily guarded White House in the middle of the night, knowing Mrs. Lincoln will want her close by. However, she is denied entrance and must retreat to her boarding house. While walking, they learn that Mr. Lincoln is dying after being shot in the head during a theater performance. By morning, church bells chime, announcing the passing of the nation’s president. Elizabeth is overwhelmed with grief when a carriage arrives to collect and deliver her to Mrs. Lincoln. While traveling, she learns that her neighbor received false information about the other cabinet members, who are all alive. Hundreds of people of color mourn the president’s death on the White House’s front lawn.

Mrs. Lincoln lies in a guest bedroom, her grief unmanageable. Elizabeth sits with her, offering her calming words of condolence before paying her respects to Mr. Lincoln’s body. She recalls Mr. Lincoln overseeing Willie’s body shortly after his passing, remembering his intense grief and loving affection for his young son. Elizabeth begins to lose her composure upon seeing Mr. Lincoln in the same room. She considers Mr. Lincoln to be like Moses for her community. Returning to Mrs. Lincoln’s side, Elizabeth finds Robert struggling to comfort his mother while Tad proves to be just as inconsolable. Great bursts of agonizing sobs torment both.

Mr. Lincoln and Willie Lincoln’s remains are boarded onto a train for Springfield, Illinois. Thousands of mourners line the tracks to express their grief and condolences as the train travels through the country. Elizabeth remains at the White House for six weeks straight, never leaving Mrs. Lincoln’s side. She notices that Vice President Andrew Johnson never sends condolences to Mrs. Lincoln, which she deems a low blow. Mrs. Lincoln doesn’t speak of Mr. Booth, her husband’s murderer, but she adamantly believes more people are involved in the assassination attempt. A member of the Lincolns’ security detail strayed from their private theater box to enjoy the performance, and Mrs. Lincoln feels convinced his neglect was intentional. Mrs. Lincoln addresses this guard directly with fiery rage.

Although Robert remains strong for his mother and brothers, Elizabeth can sense the responsibility as head of house weighs heavily on him. Tad rushes to Mrs. Lincoln’s room every night as she cries out. Heartbroken for Mr. Lincoln’s sons, Elizabeth can’t help but feel proud of their responsible and mature nature. Andrew Johnson allows the Lincolns to remain in residence for a short while before claiming the White House for his own family. Mrs. Lincoln feels overwhelmed by the abrupt and drastic changes in her life.

Chapter 13 Summary

Mrs. Lincoln receives a letter of condolence from Queen Victoria, which she cherishes. She decides to move to Chicago. With Mr. Lincoln’s estate tied up in legalities and her personal debts above $75,000, Mrs. Lincoln considers her limited future options. Still, she strongly encourages Elizabeth to accompany her to Chicago. Although worried about losing her well-established business, Elizabeth feels she cannot abandon Mrs. Lincoln amidst her grief and misfortune. She recommends Emma to all her patrons, hoping her apprentice will maintain her business.

Mrs. Lincoln busies herself with packing enormous quantities of personal items. Robert chastises his mother for the trouble she creates in transporting her excessive luggage to Chicago. While preparing to leave the White House, servants and visitors steal many of the newly purchased furnishings and decorations Mrs. Lincoln purchased while redecorating. Elizabeth dislikes Robert's disrespectful tone with Mrs. Lincoln as they prepare to move. Mrs. Lincoln explains to Elizabeth that she cannot support herself or her children and relies on Congress to pay her a widow’s pension. She may need to sell her possessions to provide income for her, Tad, and Robert. The journey to Chicago is long and slow, made worse by Mrs. Lincoln’s migraines. The Lincolns find small, comfortable accommodation in a new hotel owned by a family friend. Elizabeth considers the rooms charming, with a beautiful view of Lake Michigan; however, Robert and Mrs. Lincoln believe the simple, quaint dwelling beneath their social standing.

Mrs. Lincoln and Elizabeth work with Tad on reading and writing. Although she tries not to be judgmental of her close friends, Elizabeth dislikes how the president and first lady neglected Tad’s education. Tad fights his mother as she attempts to teach him to read, lashing out in disrespect that resembles his older brother. Elizabeth recognizes Tad’s privilege in being allowed to struggle with his schoolwork without it being a reflection of his entire race, which she believes would undoubtedly be the case if Tad were Black.

Feeling ashamed of her circumstances, Mrs. Lincoln withdraws from society. She frequently writes to Congress asking for her husband’s salary, corresponding with several politicians demanding support. However, rumors emerge about Mr. Lincoln’s estate value, though not of how the wealth is tied up in legal proceedings. Additional rumors fault Mrs. Lincoln for the state of the White House after her departure, blaming her for the missing furniture. Mrs. Lincoln claims to be living in poverty while promising to provide for Elizabeth with no possible way of doing so. In addition to Tad’s education and Robert’s independence, Mrs. Lincoln busies herself with plans and preparations for Mr. Lincoln’s memorial. She confides in Elizabeth that she often has thoughts of dying by suicide.

Meanwhile, Elizabeth learns from Emma that her sewing business is failing. She stays informed on news and events, wishing she could write a kind letter to Mrs. Davis upon the capture of her husband, Jefferson Davis. Elizabeth attends the Great Northwest Sanitary Fair, a charitable event, though Mrs. Lincoln refuses to accompany her. There, she sees the catafalque that carried Mr. Lincoln’s remains. Decorated patriotically, the framework now holds artifacts from enslaved people. Reminded of her grief and difficult upbringing, Elizabeth quickly moves away from the sight. She comes across the final piece of clothing she sewed for Mrs. Davis, which some people believe Jefferson Davis used as a disguise while retreating from the Union Army. Elizabeth explains how she made the garment while sharing the story of her relationship with Mrs. Davis and her movements leading up to the war. The clothing sells for $2,500, which goes to charitable causes.

Elizabeth must return to Washington City by the end of June. By then, she convinces Mrs. Lincoln to leave her rooms daily for fresh air and exercise. The friends plan to see each other on the anniversary of Mr. Lincoln’s death and promise to write to each other in the meantime.

Chapter 14 Summary

After a long return trip via train to Washington City, Elizabeth feels thankful to be among her friends, Virginia and Walker Lewis. She briefly visits the White House on behalf of Mrs. Lincoln, haunted by the memories of her time there with the Lincolns. Elizabeth sets to work restoring her sewing business. She is soon overwhelmed with dress orders, though she refuses to work for President Andrew Johnson’s daughters out of loyalty to Mrs. Lincoln. Although preoccupied with her travels, Mrs. Lincoln learns that her assistants also dislike the idea of working for the new first family. Elizabeth accepts an order from an upper-class lady before registering her name, later learning that she mistakenly accepted an order from President Johnson’s daughter. Elizabeth completes the work on a schedule that fits her other orders, finding the daughters pleasant. While delivering and fitting the dresses, Elizabeth observes the daughters sewing their own simpler garments. Elizabeth recalls Mrs. Lincoln’s expensive, unused sewing machine, though Mrs. Lincoln did know how to sew. In comparing the two first families, she finds fewer faults with the Johnsons, though she never associates with the president as she did with Mr. Lincoln.

Elizabeth receives letters from Mrs. Lincoln, who continues to struggle financially and faces legal action from the stores to which she still owes money. The stores threaten to reveal her debts via national newspapers. Additionally, Mr. Lincoln’s old law partner begins writing a biography depicting personal information about Mr. Lincoln’s private life. He propositions Mrs. Lincoln for personal details, which disgusts the widow. Elizabeth considers Mrs. Lincoln’s misfortune a national shame.

Bettie Garland, the cousin of Elizabeth’s controller during her enslavement, visits Elizabeth in Washington City. Elizabeth holds fond memories of Bettie and several other mistresses in the family. She receives her happily, and they share a pleasant visit. Later, Emma and Virginia remark on Elizabeth’s resilience in facing the people who withheld Elizabeth’s freedom. Emma doesn’t believe she could be so civil if confronted with the people who harmed her in the past.

Elizabeth visits the plantation, Rude’s Hill, where she lived with her mother while enslaved. The family treats Elizabeth with familiarity and kindness, referring to Elizabeth’s mother as a “maid.” Elizabeth chooses not to dwell on the fact that the family fought for the Confederate Army, allowing General Officer Stonewall Jackson to use the estate during the war. Elizabeth recalls many kindnesses bestowed upon her by the family, though she confronts them about withholding education during Elizabeth’s childhood. They part on good terms, and Elizabeth hopes to visit with them again as she returns to Washington City.

Chapters 11-14 Analysis

Slow train rides symbolize Elizabeth’s discontent with the slow political progress of the nation. Having left the Virginia plantation where Elizabeth was enslaved, Elizabeth feels “not sorry to put the city behind her, but as if to jeer at her eagerness to go, the train moved along at a crawl back to City Point, for what reason, Elizabeth could not fathom” (204). Unsettled by troubling memories from harsher times, Elizabeth yearns to return home where she feels more secure in her freedom. Having just visited with old friends, people of color, who look worse for the wear and are prepared to face even harsher times, Elizabeth feels tired from waiting for freedom and equality. Similar to how she cannot make the train move any faster, Elizabeth cannot push forward change at a quicker rate.

Mr. Lincoln’s second inaugural address presents the theme of Forgiveness as Ambitious Though Essential Work. With the Civil War ending, Mr. Lincoln looks to the future, wanting reunification for his country. Similar to the nation as a whole, individual families, including the Lincolns, face personal animosity as families divide their allegiance between the Union and Confederacy. Mrs. Lincoln understands the significance of families separated by the Civil War, as several of her siblings fight against her husband. She rationalizes, “I could fill pages and pages if I listed all the families I know that have been divided by this war. I would start with my own and go on and on until it broke my heart” (155). Mrs. Lincoln shows a capacity to forgive and move forward when her sister, Mrs. Helm, visits the White House. Although her husband fought for the Confederacy, Mrs. Lincoln (and Elizabeth) believe love and loyalty to family should be prioritized over all else. Knowing Mr. Lincoln planned to reunify the country, ushering in a new era of equality and industry, makes his death all the more tragic.

Without Mr. Lincoln acting as a buffer, Elizabeth sees more clearly the racial and social divides between herself and Mrs. Lincoln. Mrs. Lincoln openly criticizes a set of rooms in Chicago that Elizabeth finds charming. Elizabeth begins to resent Mrs. Lincoln’s entitlement to an upper-class lifestyle. Specifically, when the women assist Tad with reading, Elizabeth recognizes, “if Tad had been a colored boy rather than the son of a president, and a teacher had found him so difficult to instruct, he would have been ridiculed as a dunce and held up as evidence of the inferiority of the entire race” (249). Elizabeth recognizes certain privileges afforded to the Lincolns, of which they are seemingly unaware. While Mrs. Lincoln is grieving the loss of her husband, Elizabeth experienced many of her own losses and was expected to carry on with her work and support herself. Both Mrs. Lincoln and Robert speak to Elizabeth as if she cannot understand the horrors they face by living in a simple dwelling, utterly insensitive to the horrors Elizabeth endured while enslaved.

Still, Mrs. Lincoln’s less-than-ideal circumstances further illustrate the Consequences for Families of Public Figures. In truth, Mrs. Lincoln has few options to support herself and her sons. As a woman and former first lady, Mrs. Lincoln has few work opportunities available to her. She is expected to look and act similarly to queens from other nations without receiving the necessary funds to support such a lifestyle. Moreover, because she voiced her opinions loudly while in Washington, she burned many bridges and eliminated potential benefactors or sympathizers who expect women to remain quiet and demure. While newspapers report on the value of Mr. Lincoln’s estate and make assumptions about Mrs. Lincoln stealing furniture from the White House, they fail to report that the inheritance “was bound up in a snarl of legalities, and it would be split three ways between Mrs. Lincoln and her sons, and even when her inheritance did come to her, she would not be given the principal to live on, but only the annual interest” (250). Mrs. Lincoln lives at the mercy of people who disapprove of her and her husband for wanting to bring an end to slavery. Because her reputation precedes her wherever she goes, Mrs. Lincoln possesses fewer opportunities to support herself than Elizabeth. Later, she will travel under an alias to protect herself while working for an income.

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