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55 pages 1 hour read

Penelope Lively

Moon Tiger

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1987

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Chapters 4-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary

In her hospital room, Claudia wakes, confused; she cannot remember the word “curtain.” The episode scares her. She worries what she will become without language. The episode also leads her to consider how words define our world and how our modern language preserves bits of ancient cultures.

Claudia remembers taking a six-year-old Lisa for a walk in the woods. Claudia is mildly frustrated and stymied by her young daughter, struggling to relate to the child. Claudia wishes her daughter were brighter or more engaging. Then, from Lisa’s perspective, Claudia is described as “Mummy.” Lisa has a vivid imagination and plays games with herself to fend off her fear of the dark woods, the bug she picked up, and even Claudia.

From thinking about Lisa as a child, Claudia moves on to thinking about Lisa as she is today, a 40-year-old married woman with two sons. Claudia doesn’t like Lisa’s husband. Her mind drifts from Lisa’s husband to Lisa’s wedding day.

Claudia recalls that Jasper attended Lisa’s wedding and that he looked handsome, if rumpled. The narrative includes a short bit of conversation from both Claudia’s and Jasper’s perspectives. From Lisa’s perspective, the pair somehow look more glamorous than any other guest, even though they are inappropriately dressed for a formal wedding. Their presence sucks some of the joy out of Lisa’s day.

Claudia remembers that she and Jasper spent the night together after Lisa’s wedding, then had a big fight the next morning about his latest professional endeavor, this time in the film industry.

The narrative jumps forward to an undefined time when Claudia is watching a movie and drinking a glass of wine. The movie is a WWII movie, and she can’t watch it without thinking of her own time in Egypt during the war, including her romance with Tom (which has not yet been described to the reader). She turns the movie off.

The final flashback of the chapter is a quiet moment at home, Claudia is working, and a young Lisa is annoying her, needing attention and entertainment. Lisa notices Claudia’s fingernails are painted hot pink. Lisa longs to be like her mother and to earn her mother’s praise. Instead, Lisa throws a tantrum.

Chapter 5 Summary

Claudia asks the young nurses in the hospital if they agree that “God is an unprincipled bastard” (54). This question spurs her memory of Lisa’s christening, something that Claudia did not agree to or condone.

An unspecified amount of time passes in the hospital. When Claudia next speaks, it is to ask Lisa, who is visiting, if she’s still a member of the church. Lisa responds that she goes to church during the holidays, but that she doesn’t believe in God. Claudia believes in God—no one else could make such a big mess of things.

Claudia asks what Lisa has been up to. As Lisa is responding, the narrative shifts to Lisa’s perspective. Lisa thinks about how she’s recently seen her lover, a person whom Claudia knows nothing about. Lisa muses that she’s always hidden things from her mother, which reflects that her mother is not omniscient.

The narration moves back to Claudia’s internal monologue. She considers the importance that religion—specifically the Christian God—has played in the history of the world. She recalls a rare occasion in her life: a time when she prayed. She was 31 and living as a journalist in Cairo. She prays for Tom (although the reader has not yet been introduced to Tom) because she hasn’t heard from him in a long time. She prays that he isn’t wounded or suffering.

Back in the hospital room, Lisa watches her mother’s fitful sleep. She doesn’t remember ever seeing Claudia sick before and finds it impossible to imagine a world after Claudia is dead. She wonders if she loves Claudia. Lisa reflects on how her mother’s presence makes her feel small; Lisa is a sharper and more competent person when not around Claudia.

Later, Claudia thinks to herself that it is odd to see her daughter as a middle-aged woman. Claudia contemplates Lisa’s Russian heritage (Jasper’s father is Russian) and mourns that the regal, wild nature of Russia isn’t evident in Lisa.

Claudia recalls a lunch outing with Jasper and Jasper’s father. Claudia and Jasper have a disagreement after lunch, which is presented from Jasper’s perspective. Jasper argues that each person is self-made, while Claudia argues for the influence of ancestry. After the fight, Claudia tells Jasper that, one day, she’s going to write a “pretentious” history of the world.

Chapter 6 Summary

Looking back on her life, which spans most of the 20th century, Claudia reflects on what she calls “the century of war” (66). She considers the millions of deaths over the century, especially the huge numbers of deaths in Russia. She muses on the language that society uses to distance itself from the grimness of war, like the code names that were used to indicate war operations while she was in Cairo. She observes that language is used to both define and mask reality.

Claudia’s mind drifts to memories of Cairo. She reflects on how, when she has visited Cairo since the war, she sees the city in two layers: the modern city atop her memory of the city as it was in the 1940s. Both the modern reality and her memory feel equally present to her.

Claudia then turns her thoughts to Tom and how meeting him changed the course of her life. She refers to her time in Egypt with Tom as the “core” of her life.

Claudia recalls arriving in Egypt in 1940. She had fought hard to be there, pulling every string she could to get a job as a war correspondent despite her youth, her gender, and her inexperience. She remembers sending her dispatches to Gordon, who was also in the war, to prove that she was good at her job.

She then recounts a weekend trip that she took with Tom to Luxor. Riding the night train from Cairo, they admire the beautiful countryside. Tom is on leave from his duties at the front. Claudia recalls mundane details from the weekend, like the clothes she wore and the style of chair she sat in. She notes that the days have blurred together in her memory but that the sensory vividness of her recollections is sharp. She states that she never felt more alive than during that weekend in Luxor with Tom.

One night in Luxor, Claudia lies awake and watches the insect-repellent incense, called a Moon Tiger, burn down to ash. The incense is in the shape of a spiral, so it leaves a spiral of ash in its wake. She sees the burning tip of the incense as a red eye. Claudia and Tom tell each other that they love each other. They remark on the long odds and the luck that it took for them to find each other. Claudia asks Tom to tell her about his life and his childhood.

Chapters 4-6 Analysis

As the novel develops, Lively’s postmodern perspective on the concepts of history and the process of making meaning out of the chaos of life becomes more apparent. Although Claudia is an intelligent, artistic person who is seeking to find meaning by reflecting on her life, in Chapters 4-6, it becomes more apparent that Claudia’s meaning-making is flawed. The author indicates that while Claudia’s “history of the world” may be a truthful recounting of her personal experience, its truthfulness falters when other perspectives emerge. This discrepancy underscores the theme of The Subjective Nature of Memory. For example, in Chapter 5, Lisa visits Claudia in the hospital, where Lisa muses on the fact that her mother does not know about her lover and is not even aware of this gap in her knowledge. Lisa longs to call this oversight to Claudia’s attention, to say, “you are not, as you think, omniscient [...] I simply watch you knowing what I know. Knowing what you do not” (56). This scene emphasizes the limitations of a history written from one perspective. In doing so, it also underscores one of Claudia’s major flaws: hubris. Lisa sees her mother’s pride and belief in her own infallibility and recognizes how this causes her mother to misreport certain details. In this way, the novel warns readers of Claudia’s unreliability as a narrator.

Chapter 6, which introduces readers to Tom by name for the first time, advances Lively’s exploration of how memory functions, which is key to the larger question of how memory interacts with truth. This chapter includes the first scenes with Tom and Claudia together. These scenes take place in Luxor, Egypt, a city on the Nile River that is home to ancient monuments and temples. The setting is significant, as being in this ancient city and away from the expatriate British culture in Cairo makes Claudia feel a profound, intimate connection to Egypt and Tom. However, the trip to Luxor is not the beginning of Claudia and Tom’s relationship; the narrative is not presented to the reader in chronological order. We will see Tom and Claudia’s first meeting in Chapter 7. This non-chronological account of Claudia’s relationship with Tom manifests the theme of Linear Time Versus Lived Time. That is, it demonstrates how we recall our lives or experiences not in simplistic chronological order but, rather, in a hierarchy of personal significance wherein our present feelings are the lens through which we view past events. The most potent memories often rise to the top, and memories of meeting a loved one are always colored by the later knowledge that this person has become a significant figure.

The titular symbol of the novel first appears in Chapter 6, while Claudia and Tom are in Luxor. A Moon Tiger is a type of incense that is burned to keep bugs away. Lying awake and watching the incense burn to ash, Claudia feels deeply content even as she also senses time passing; she is aware in this moment that she and Tom have limited windows of time in which to be together. The Moon Tiger represents both the striking beauty of a single moment and the fleeting nature of time. In this way, this symbol captures the tension inherent in memory: Recalling events makes them eternal, in one sense, yet in another, those events are already gone and unrepeatable. This tension is one of the major interests of the novel.

Chapter 6 offers a brief foreshadowing of Claudia’s affair with her brother, Gordon. Their incestuous affair—which has already occurred in chronological time, but which has not yet been revealed to the reader—is foreshadowed with Claudia asking Tom if his sister is pretty. Tom laughs and tells her that although his sister is pretty, he isn’t inclined to think of her in that way. Tom is surprised by the strange question, but the question stems from Claudia’s own intimately close relationship with her brother. Claudia wonders if Tom might have with his sister the kind of unrivaled understanding and attraction that she has with Gordon.

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