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Lori GottliebA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Lori reveals that for years she has been suffering from strange physical symptoms that specialists couldn’t diagnose. Just before she met Boyfriend, the symptoms started with a simple rash that kept spreading, and each new test uncovered something new that was wrong with her, but not sufficiently wrong to diagnose: “Something seemed to be lurking inside me, attacking my body over the next several months while I looked the other way” (426). She calls the experience the Medical Mystery Tour.
One of the specialists concluded she suffered from a conversion disorder (“a person’s anxiety is ‘converted’ into neurologic conditions” (432)). Lori contrasts this with factitious disorder (where patients wish to appear ill, even if they do not feel like it), because both have roots in what in ancient times used to be blamed on a “wandering uterus”—a female condition that caused hysteria (from the Greek word for “uterus”). Cures included aromas and spices, massages and even exorcism. Lori hid her troubles from everybody “because I wanted to avoid being a woman suspected of having a wandering uterus” (438). She also suspected Boyfriend, who once broke up with a woman because she had joint pains, would leave her if he thought he would someday have to take care of her. Now she is postponing talking about it to Wendell, “because the truth comes with a cost: the need to face reality” (441).
During an emergency session, Rita reveals her reason for starting therapy is that she had a male friend, Myron, who came to live in her building a year before, and with whom she formed a strong, platonic friendship. Over time, though, she started developing romantic feelings, but then he announced he had met someone on Tinder, and she cut him out of her life. This was her precipitating event (the event that makes one decide to go see a therapist). Although Myron wanted to stay in touch and left her messages, Rita rebuffed him, until the day before the emergency session he accosted her at the parking lot, telling her he had broken up with Randie, was missing Rita terribly, and wanted to be with her. Rita reacted by closing off her emotions and slapping him after he kissed her. The event was so distressing for her because it represented “possibility. And that may feel even more intolerable to her than her pain” (455).
Charlotte keeps coming up with external excuses not to go into the internal struggle that is key for her therapy sessions. Lori ponders the patients’ need to be told what to do, casting the therapists in the role of surrogate parents, which the patients then resent, because they want to feel in control. She is aware that in Wendell’s office she behaves in a similar way.
Charlotte displays signs of alexithymia (inability to access how she feels). When she starts crying over a commercial, Lori understands that the mommy dog driving a puppy in a car to keep it asleep moves Charlotte because she has never had that sort of stability in her childhood, having had to self-parent most of the time. Now she feels compelled to make the wrong choices because of her repetition compulsion: “For Charlotte, stability and its attendant joy isn’t to be trusted; it makes her feel queasy, anxious” (465). She decides to go on a date with The Dude, even though she knows she should not.
Lori recalls a conversation with her hairstylist, Cory, who likens therapy to people’s confessions in his studio. After his clients tell him about their problems, he replies with “Just be,” meaning, “Maybe they’d be happier if they didn’t try to change things” (472). Lori reflects how Cory—a lonely gay man who uses random sex as a distraction—would benefit from therapy, but she chooses not to “proselytize.”
Julie’s cancer is back and she faces a tough decision of which organs she can afford to live without. She suffered a miscarriage at eight weeks pregnant, then again conceived, and lost the second baby as well. She decides with her husband to try once more, and if it is not a success, they will have a baby via surrogate, or adopt. This is when she learns: “Her cancer was back, and spreading” (483). She and Matt first laugh at the absurdity of it all, “And then they cried. They cried as hard as they’d laughed” (485). Julie has her first big fight with Matt, who breaks and cries, “Can’t we have one night off from cancer?” (488), which makes Julie feel selfish and self-centered, because she is sometimes jealous of his health. Lori tells her Matt needs space to show more of his humanity. Julie has developed a fantasy that she would like to help him find a future wife while she is alive, of which Lori disapproves. She focuses Julie on verbalizing things she will miss: Matt, herself, and life. They end the session by swearing loudly to relieve the terrible burden of imminent death.
As Lori began her internship at a clinic located in a basement of an office building, she and her colleagues failed to notice the way life began to speed up with the advent of new technologies. People seemed to be afraid of loneliness but also reluctant to connect with others, so they spent most of their time on their phones. Meanwhile, fewer people went into therapy and relied more on medication, spurred by aggressive advertising for pharmaceutical companies (in 2008, 26% of population was on psychiatric medication). As Lori’s supervisor said, “Today, everybody moves at the speed of want” (509). Lori even considers hiring a branding specialist for her practice, as many other therapists do, offering impossible speed of cure. She relates her discomfort at the idea of robots and AI replacing traditional therapy.
During a session with Wendell, Lori finally tells him about her medical issues, admitting she has been feeling “anxious about pretty much everything” (519). She believes the story of her symptoms is about avoidance, but Wendell emphasizes that it is also a story of uncertainty. Lori has been developing a self-sabotage defense mechanism to cope with uncertainty, “I can engineer my own death rather than have it happen to me” (525). Lori cites scholar and psychiatrist Irvin Yalom, who defines therapy as “an existential experience of self-understanding” (527). According to him, there are four ultimate existential concerns: Death, Isolation, Freedom, and Meaninglessness (both literally and metaphorically).
After a month’s absence, John returns to therapy, having decided to share with Lori the story of his son, Gabe. When Gabe was six, they drove to Legoland for a long weekend that John promised would be free of otherwise constant job-related phone calls. During their ride, John’s phone rang and he could not let it go. The atmosphere turned tense between John and Margo, and as he reached for the phone an SUV hit them, killing Gabe. John feels guilty but also blames Margo, even though they learn that the SUV driver was intoxicated: “It’s the not knowing that torments John” (547).
John then relates his latest dream, of a 16-year-old Gabe who is about to take his driving test. While he is away, Margo calls John and tells him his mother is trying to reach her, and he instructs her not to answer because it will be bad news. After a long while, the examiner (who turns out to be John’s mother) returns alone, telling John a man talking on his cell phone caused Gabe’s death. John knows that man was he. Finally, John breaks open and cries for his son and his mother, after Lori has offered the possibility that he would be a better parent if he allowed himself the full range of emotions.
The unfortunate reality of Lori’s heath issues emphasizes the connection between the physical and psychological aspects of a person’s life. This interconnectedness moves in both directions: A physically ill person will often experience psychological issues, such as depression or anxiety, and psychological problems a person goes through will frequently cause physical uneasiness or even illness. Psychosomatic medicine, thus, deals with the psychological, social, and other factors on the physical processes and how they might cause or influence physical illness.
Additionally, Gottlieb reminds us that historically men have considered such unfocused symptoms as occurring predominantly in females, deciding that the diagnosis is most likely hysteria. (The indication in Chapter 31 is that because, throughout history, only men practiced medicine as a science, they tended to dismiss female troubles as irrelevant or a product of an overactive imagination—including labor pains. This connects with Boyfriend’s rejection of a woman who had arthritis, and explains why Lori felt reluctant to confess her symptoms to him.) However, in Chapter 37, Lori finally tells everything to Wendell, understanding that it is time for her to face the reality of what she feels. Wendell helps her realize that while her behavior regarding her illness has roots in avoidance, it stems primarily from her fear of uncertainty and her desire to control the situation. This is true for everybody: Once we understand we cannot and should not control everything, we begin to understand freedom and learn how to relax.
Gottlieb threads this theme through Chapter 36 as well, by discussing how the advances of modern technologies have divorced people from their inner selves by keeping them attached to their devices. She mentions this especially in connection with John and his phone dependency, which keeps him at a distance from both himself and the people around him. The appearance of having control over things has replaced introspectiveness. John finally manages to break through the self-imposed prison after a month away from therapy, when he finally opens up about his dead son, Gabe. In his case, too, his letting go of control helps him reach the emotions that he has sealed off inside of him for a long time.
Similarly, in Chapter 32, Lori describes how Rita’s fear of the unknown and an overwhelming wish to remain within the bubble of unhappiness prevents her from opening up toward her friend Myron, as she develops romantic feelings for him. She chooses to eliminate him from her life rather than allow the unexpected to happen. In Julie’s case, (Chapter 35), the patient must let go of the most difficult and enduring fantasy: that of a never-ending life. With Lori’s help, Julie learns to focus on the reality of her imminent death and accept the profound sadness over the loss. She also needs to stop controlling the way her husband Matt should react to losing her, and the final bout of loud swearing that Lori and Julie share represents letting go in the face of finality. Lori therefore learns about herself from discussing her patients’ fears of losing the appearance of control.
Gottlieb introduces ideas of psychiatrist Irvin D. Yalom in Chapter 37, as a seal of theoretical authority on matters pertaining to the human need to control life. As she lists the four existential concerns that form the basis of Yalom’s theory, Lori illuminates her work with Julie by stating that “our awareness of death helps us live more fully—and with less, not more, anxiety” (528). Lori herself, however, also faces fears of death (believing that over half of her life is done), she feels lonely and abandoned after Boyfriend’s betrayal. Even though Wendell has reminded her that her psychological “jail” has no side walls, she is still afraid to step out of it. Her struggle, however, is to find meaning in her existence, to feel useful for and within herself. We can achieve the sense of meaningful inner existence by letting go of the appearance of control and embracing life in all its unpredictability.