44 pages • 1 hour read
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The story is introduced with a thank you letter addressed to Joseph Margolis by then President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in which he expresses appreciation for the boy’s $1.00 donation to his campaign and the suggestion that the voting age be lowered to 9. The author includes random memories of Brooklyn in the 1930s, replete with purely innocent images of egg creams, Glenn Miller music, and “aggie” marbles juxtaposed with disturbing images of storm troopers, newsreels of goose-stepping soldiers, and the use of the term “kike” to refer to Jewish people.
Joey’s parents are divorced, and his father fails to maintain contact with him. He is being raised by his mother and aunt, and the family relocates from the largely Hasidic Williamsburg section to a largely Gentile neighborhood in the Bedford Avenue area. His mother, Ida Margolis, and aunt, Carrie Gettinger, are clever, opinionated, high-spirited individuals who show no intention of attempting to conform to their surroundings. Specifically, Joey notes that they “openly lit Shabbos candles on San Gennaro Day […] and helped feed the Italian-American War Widows with […] stuffed derma and potato knishes” (6). They remain unaware of the fact that Joey is being referred to as a “sheenie” (6) by schoolmates who are steeped in anti-Semitism, and that the bruises with which the boy returns home are the result of frequent beatings by his classmates, some of whom are deeply anti-Semitic.
Although Joey is an ardent baseball fan whose bedroom window overlooks Ebbets Field, he develops a deep hatred for the Brooklyn Dodgers, his father’s favorite team. While he and Charles Banks, third baseman for the New York Giants, have yet to meet, the reader is introduced to the player by means of newspaper clippings. A second advice filled letter from Joey to Roosevelt is answered by White House Press Secretary Stephen Early, who states that the President will follow Joey’s advice to “keep an eye on Denmark” (8) and will not forget the lesson of the Lusitania.
Finally, the author recalls Hitler scaring “the holy heck out of [him]” (8) as well as a futile attempt to steal a cherry swizzle from a blind newsstand operator in his neighborhood. Finally, the front page of The Brooklyn Eagle, dated April 9, 1940, indicates that Charlie Banks has been signed to play for the New York Giants ball club. As per Joey’s warning letter to FDR, Germany has invaded Denmark.
An in-house memo from the Brooklyn Juvenile Detention Center, where Joey is detained as a result of urinating in the reservoir, opens this section. Sergeant Kahane advises his superior that “the Margolis Kid” (13) refuses the agency’s food, instead demanding brisket on rye bread, which is a traditional Jewish dish. Additionally, the boy demands immediate discharge due to various ailments he claims to suffer, including “appendicitis, heart attack, diphtheria, polio and gonorrhea” (13). He refuses to identify his attackers, although agency officials correctly suspect “the Bierman brat” (13). His mother and aunt remain unaware that he is being beaten by anti-Semitic neighborhood boys, and his biological father does not return phone calls from agency officials.
When interviewed by psychologist Dr. Donald Weston, the boy initially denies having been beaten, but ultimately identifies neighborhood bully Lenny Bierman as his assailant. Bierman assaults Joey’s best friend, Craig Nakamura, as well. While his father is actually a textile plant owner, Joey fantasizes that he actually “built the Spirit of St. Louis with Lindbergh” (16) and introduces the topic of seeking “negative attention” (17) from his father into the conversation with Dr. Weston. When Rorschach blots are presented, Joey sees imagery related to the Polo Grounds baseball stadium and events from the life of his baseball hero, Charlie Banks. He writes a letter to Banks (whom he has cautioned Bierman is his best friend) advising that he suffers a number of incurable diseases and requesting that he hit a home run after announcing that it is in Joey’s honor. A form letter response includes an autographed photo of Banks, and Joey imagines accompanying the player on future road trips.
In a bold move, Joseph writes the Bureau of Vital Statistics in Banks’ home state of Wisconsin in which he uses “Banks” as his surname and requests information for a family tree. An archivist responds with intricate details of the ballplayer’s family history and his current Manhattan address. Dr. Weston is horrified when the boy shares this information and worries about potential criminal charges being filed, while Joey shares information regarding Banks’ ballfield performance with his best friend and upstairs neighbor, Craig Nakamura (aka “The Shadow”) and the pair speculate about Mrs. Aubaugh, a neighbor whom they suspect of being a spy.
The chapter opens with a progress report regarding Joey from Mrs. Hicks, his long-suffering teacher at Alexander Hamilton Junior High School, noting that he has received A’s in all academic subjects, but a D in the category of Obedience. She describes Joey as “challenging” and possessed of a “reckless imagination” (31), citing his characterization of Dolly Madison as a lesbian as an example, in addition to his proclivity for expressing affection for his future wife, Rachel Panitz, by throwing various objects at her during class. His mother responds with a witty note to the teacher, indicating that she thought Mrs. Madison was a Protestant as opposed to a lesbian.
Joey continues to bombard Charlie Banks with letters containing fraudulent information (e.g., claiming to be a Marine Corps drummer and referring to his biological father as a submarine commander) in which the boy requests home runs scored in his honor. The ballplayer becomes irritated, addressing Joey as “you little pisser” (33). Banks is curious as to how Joey obtained his home address, but his criticism of FDR leads to a heartfelt defense of the President by his pen pal. Although Banks asserts that their correspondence is over, he is clearly curious about Joey and wonders why the boy was in Juvenile Hall. In return, Joey mentions intricate details regarding Banks’ family history, further tantalizing him as to the source of the information. A newspaper clipping shows the reader that Time magazine named President Franklin Roosevelt first in the list of “Most Admired Men and Women of 1940,” whereas Charlie Banks, a third baseman, ranks fifth on this scale. As this wise-cracking exchange continues, Joey reveals more personal biographical information, alluding to futile attempts to contact his father as “Nana Bert,” his stepmother, who refuses to put him through on the phone. Banks, who is an extraordinarily gifted ballplayer but far less grammatical than Joey, makes futile attempts to resist the boy’s charismatic personality and is increasingly curious about him.
Stephen Early, who is Roosevelt’s Press Secretary, continues replying to Joey’s letters. He disputes the boy’s claim that Neville Chamberlain, who was the English Prime Minister at this time, is a Nazi collaborator. (It is historically interesting to note that Chamberlain did practice appeasement against Hitler.) Early marvels that Joey is aware of a secret Reich airbase in Bolivia and disparages the boy’s warning that Hitler will attack both Holland and Belgium. This letter is immediately followed by a news clipping indicating that the Wehrmacht (the German armed forces) “dispatched 500 bombers on a series of strafing raids over Belgium and Holland” (43). When Joey refers to this correspondence with Early during therapy with Dr. Weston, the therapist thinks he is fantasizing until Joey produces the actual letter and advises him that they have been writing each other “since 1937” (44).Joey becomes tearful when a Rorschach reminds him of Crosley Field in Cincinnati, which reminds him of his father referring to Banks as “a loser” (45). Subsequently, Joey and Craig Nakamura have an exchange about being the victims of bullying in the neighborhood.
In his campaign to become a part of Charlie Banks’ life, Joey writes to the ballplayer’s girlfriend, a singer named Hazel McKay who is engaged in public feuds with the famous performer, Ethel Merman. Joey falsely advises McKay that he faces a leg amputation; however, Banks refuses to hit a home run in his honor. Telegrams between Banks and McKay follow. She is furious with him due to his refusing the boy his request, and Banks writes a scathing letter to Joey in which he chastises the boy. Banks cites the death of C. Mathewson, a ballplayer who died in World War I, as an example of true suffering as he prods Joey into viewing his own perspective. Additionally, he needs the boy’s help in restoring his relationship with Hazel McKay, who was spotted on the previous evening having dinner with the famous actor, Tyrone Power. Joey responds with a reluctant apology, but notes that he needs help with the bullies in the neighborhood, asking: “How many times can I tell my Mom I fell off my bike?” (54).Banks, waxing philosophical, responds that there are far more important things in life than baseball statistics, noting that “[t]here are other things that count for a lot more; like Churchill and Anschluss and Kristallnacht and people who are always on your side no matter what” (55).
Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, is technically located on Long Island. This area was an independent city until 1898 and became enmeshed in the urban environment when the Brooklyn Bridge, an unprecedented architectural feat, was completed in 1883, allowing for easy travel to the island of Manhattan. The three decades following the 1880s saw the highest rate of immigration recorded in New York City, and scores of European Jews relocated to Brooklyn during this period. As political and economic instability surged in Europe, many Jews sought the relative safety of the United States, and over one-million Jewish people settled in Brooklyn during this period. The area expanded as a result of improved transportation methods, which included trolleys and increased subway lines. This region would generally have been considered a safe place in which to raise a child; however, a resurgence of Nativism led to an anti-Semitic mentality in some sections of Brooklyn during this era. The protagonist of Last Days of Summer, Joey Margolis, experiences beatings at the hands of neighborhood boys who have been inculcated in this doctrine.
As the plot unfolds through the use of memos, letters, telegrams, and news clippings, the reader becomes aware of nuances found within each of the characters. Specifically, despite being the victim of constant beatings at the hands of his schoolmates, Joey Margolis is an energetic, intelligent character who is filled with spunk and creativity. He shares these characteristics with his mother, Ida, and his aunt, Carrie. He is painfully aware of prejudice, yet he is not embittered by it. As an outspoken and well-informed character, he expresses his opinions in letters and is undeterred by rank (e.g., President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his Press Secretary, Stephen Early) or celebrity (e.g., Charlie Banks, the third baseman for the New York Giants ball club).Democratic in both his personal outlook and political affiliation, Joey’s best friend is Craig Nakamura, a young Japanese boy (aka “The Shadow”) who eventually experiences part of his childhood in an Internment Camp due to U.S. policy during World War II. Joined in their victimization due to their peripheralized status in the neighborhood, these boys have a close friendship, characterized by wit and intelligence.
Joey’s bedroom window affords him a view of Ebbets Field, home of the Brooklyn Dodgers. This is a team favored by Joey’s absent father, and while the boy hates them as a result, he seems unaware of the Freudian implications of his dislike. The Dodgers, who eventually relocate to Los Angeles, come to symbolize the angst that the boy experiences upon abandonment by his father. In psychological terms, Joey is pursuing his baseball idol, Charlie Banks, in order to find a father substitute. Initially appalled at the campaign that Joey is conducting against him, Charlie nonetheless becomes ensnared in Joey’s charismatic web. Charlie’s missives may forbid Joey from writing him again, yet he adds postscripts aimed at learning more of the boy’s background and adds didactic commentary aimed at character improvement within his writing. In the interim, Joey establishes a relationship with Charlie’s future fiancée, Hazel McKay, and inserts himself into the mainstream of the ballplayer’s life.
Resilience on the part of Joey, his aunt and mother, and Craig Nakamura is demonstrated throughout the beginning of the book. Repeatedly victimized, young Joey seeks to protect his mother and aunt from learning their true status in the new neighborhood by attributing his injuries to falls and accidents. Nonetheless, his fortitude is demonstrated by the capacity to follow through on survival strategies—in this case, convincing Banks to help him overcome his assailants. Joey is essentially a self-sufficient character who seeks to advocate for himself. Charlie Banks, who struggles to write letters, nonetheless tries to teach the boy perspective, suggesting that he view his own problems relative to those of then English Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Kristallnacht, a highly-destructive Nazi act of vandalism in Jewish neighborhoods in Germany.