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John Smith imagines his birth in the late 1960s, in a hospital on “this reservation or that reservation. Any reservation, a particular reservation” (3). The hospital is under-resourced, run down, and fully occupied. John’s mother is young, no more than 14, and she screams with the pain of his birth. Each time he imagines her, she is a member of a different Indian nation because he does not know her. Sometimes she is simply from “the same tribe as the last Indian woman he has seen on television” (4).
When John is born, he is taken away from his mother, who protests that she wants to hold him. Instead, a helicopter descends through the clear, blue sky, and John is given to a white man in a jumpsuit, his face obscured by his helmet. The helicopter ascends into the sky, and its gunner opens fire on the reservation, causing Indians to dive for cover. The helicopter then flies to a faraway city, and John is given to a rich, white couple, Olivia and Daniel Smith.
Olivia and Daniel Smith are unable to conceive and decided to adopt a baby, only to be informed that waiting for a white child could take years. They are offered an Indian child instead, with the assurance that the child “will be saved a lot of pain by growing up in a white family” (10). That night, they make love, both hoping Olivia will conceive, Daniel focusing all the while on a son who resembles him. Afterwards, they cry and sleep, and in the morning, they decide to adopt the Indian child, whom they name John.
Olivia extensively researches Native American history, buys John children’s books featuring Indians, and even learns several words in various Indian languages. They decide to have John baptized but insist that the priest be an Indian. They find Father Duncan, a Spokane Indian Jesuit. He is an artist and an eccentric and will later tell John many secrets that John will never reveal.
When John is six years old, Father Duncan takes him to a chapel and shows him stained glass windows depicting Jesuits being killed by Indians. Father Duncan explains that the Indians killed the priests because they wanted to drive the white people from their land. John asks if Jesus was an Indian, and Father Duncan says that he was not “but he should have been” (15). John then asks if the Jesuits died like Jesus. Father Duncan feels conflicted: As a Jesuit, he knows that they were martyred for their faith, but as a Spokane Indian, he knows that their deaths were deserved because of their treatment of the Indians. In the end, he says, “You see these windows? You see all of this? It’s what is happening inside me right now” (15).
When John is seven, Father Duncan suddenly leaves. His eccentricities having become too extreme, he is moved to a retreat in Arizona. John learns that within a week, he left the retreat and walked alone into the desert and disappeared, his tracks through the sand simply stopping with no sign of a body. John keeps the newspaper cutting describing the disappearance and regularly dreams about Father Duncan, wondering if he left on a vision quest or to learn more of God.
John attends a Catholic school. He has brief relationships with girls, although he is never comfortable in their presence. The girls’ fathers are always unhappy about their children dating an Indian and persuade them to break up with him. John tries not to be angry at this or at the other aspects of his life, but frequently he has to excuse himself to go to the bathroom to suppress his rage, biting his tongue until it bleeds. Daniel Smith tries to teach John basketball without much success. He takes John to watch an Indian basketball tournament, and John is overwhelmed by the number of Indians and finds himself jealous of their shared laughter.
When John leaves school, he gets a job as a steelworker building skyscrapers, having read an article about Mohawk Indians who helped build the World Trade Center. At 27, he is a tall, well-muscled worker helping to construct the last skyscraper in Seattle. The foreman respects his dedication to his work but is unsettled by his silence and the way he sometimes stares absently, his head filled with noises and voices that no one else can hear. John is embarrassed to be caught doing this one day and fantasizes about being a “real Indian” who could call the wind to knock the foreman from the tower. As his vision is distorted by fantasies and hallucinations, John decides that he must kill a white man.
John tries to decide which white man to kill, endeavoring to work out which is “responsible for everything that had gone wrong” (27). Killing the richest white man would only mean that another would take his place, while the poorest white men, homeless alcoholics, are already dead, already zombies. He knows that priests cut out the tongues of Indians who would not give up their native languages, but he considers that Father Duncan was also a priest.
After work, John walks onto the University of Washington campus, imagining the lawn as wilderness and himself as a “real” Indian with hair flowing to the ground. He encounters a group of Indian students holding an illegal pow-wow in protest of the university’s not letting them hold a pow-wow. He meets the organizer, Marie, a Spokane Indian. She asks him which tribe he belongs to, and he is too embarrassed to say that he does not know because he was adopted, so he tells her that he is Navajo. He blurts out Father Duncan’s name and is surprised that she has heard of him and remembers the story of his disappearance.
Marie was an intelligent child, but as she grew older, she found her intelligence isolating as many of her peers lost interest in school due to lack of resources or bullying by white teachers, or because they could not concentrate through their hunger. Some intelligent children immersed themselves in Spokane culture, speaking Spokane fluently and learning traditional songs and dances. Marie’s parents thought that her future lay beyond the reservation and did not teach her these traditional skills, and Marie sometimes feels “less than Indian” as a result (33). She learned to fight in response to endless bullying, once chasing another child with a knife she was determined to use. She also learned a great deal of academic knowledge and was accepted into the University of Washington on a scholarship.
Marie tries to banter with John, but he is anxious that she will discover he does not have a tribe and remains largely silent. He thinks of other urban pow-wows he has attended and how he pretended to be a “real” Indian, being accepted by other Indians around him. The master of ceremonies announces an owl dance, for which men cannot refuse women, so when Marie asks him, John dances with her. John dances badly and is embarrassed, but Marie does not mind. She sees great sorrow in his eyes and thinks about how so many Indians she knows feel like outcasts and have had to form their own urban tribe.
After the dance, John quickly leaves the campus but becomes overwhelmed on a busy street full of white people. He bumps into a young white man and feels the tremendous rage he always tries to suppress. The man apologizes but is intimidated by John. When he leaves, John follows him.
John imagines his mother deciding not to give him up and the life he might have had on a reservation. In his imagination, life on the reservation is good, with plenty of food and books to read. A large extended family lives all together, playing Scrabble and exchanging stories. Everyone is literate, and the children all love school and their Indian teachers. John is too young for school but is learning English and his own tribal language. He is also learning traditional dancing and dances at his first pow-wow at four years old.
The children all play in disused metal sewage pipes on the reservation. One day, he kisses Dawn, “the most beautiful Indian girl in the world” (47), as they hide among the pipes. He smiles about their kiss as he enjoys a wonderful dinner with his family. After dinner, they tell stories: traditional stories, stories of family members who have died, stories of their own invention. John’s own stories are vast and complex, full of jokes and tricks and sorrow, and his family both laughs and cries as he tells them.
“The killer” feels powerful when they hold “the knife,” a large, custom-made blade with turquoise gems in the handle. The killer cannot sleep, so they craft a leather sheaf for the knife and wear it under their jacket. During the day, they practice stabbing and hacking with the blade for hours and read about knives and weaponry, everything from A Short Guide to Cutlery to The Illustrated History of Swords. At night, if they sleep, they dream of the knife.
The killer follows random white men and watches how miserable they are in their lives. One white man, Justin Summers, brushes past the killer, rudely and arrogantly. The killer wants to teach him a “simple and slightly painful lesson” and realizes that the knife has a purpose (51). The killer follows Justin to a secluded trail on campus and stabs him in the stomach. Picking up the body, the killer passes a group of drunk students who assume that the stabbed man is unconscious due to alcohol. The killer did not entirely mean to hurt Justin and now wishes to ensure that he is buried with appropriate ceremony. The killer takes the body to an empty house and scalps it, putting the scalp in their pocket. Disappointed and angry that “one dead man [is] not enough” (54), the killer stabs the body repeatedly and then pulls out his eyes with fingers like talons and swallows them. The killer places two owl feathers on Justin’s chest, and they are quickly stained red by his blood.
The opening chapters introduce the book’s main character, John Smith, an Indian who was adopted and raised by white parents. Through John, we encounter some key thematic focuses. Amongst these is the blurring of dream and reality, appearing in the form of John’s strange fantasy version of his birth, which includes not only a masked, jumpsuit-clad man taking baby John away by helicopter but also the helicopter firing on the reservation in an act symbolic of white violence committed against Indian communities. The opening chapters also introduce the theme of identity and belonging. John knows nothing of his birth parents and does not even know to which Indian nation he belongs. The reservation on which he was born could be “this reservation or that reservation. Any reservation, a particular reservation” (3), and when he imagines his mother, she could belong to any tribe and is often simply from “the same tribe as the last Indian woman he has seen on television” (4). As the book progresses, John’s lack of a sense of belonging becomes more and more significant.
The figure of Father Duncan acts as a recurring motif to help illuminate John’s confusion about his identity. A Jesuit and a Spokane Indian, Duncan is himself conflicted about who he is and how he can reconcile different aspects of himself. His internal conflict is perhaps most pronounced when he shows John stained glass windows depicting Indians martyring Jesuit missionaries and declares that the conflicts portrayed are “what is happening inside me right now” (15). This conflict between white and Indian elements of identity mirrors John’s own confusion, and when Duncan disappears in the desert, he becomes a wholly symbolic figure, appearing to John in dreams and hallucinations, representing both confusion over identity and the possibility of reconciling these conflicts.
The motif of “real” Indians also reflects the issue of identity and belonging. As will several other characters, John often fantasizes about being a “real Indian.” This status takes various forms: Sometimes it is simply a case of receiving nods of acceptance from other “real” Indians, but at other points it includes dream-like hallucinations in which he walks through wildernesses with long flowing hair or where he can converse with and call upon the natural world for support. Importantly, John’s images of “real” Indians are often stereotypical, almost movie-like, touching on the theme of white people’s portrayals of Indians, which will become more pronounced as the book progresses. In the case of his fantasies about what his life would have been like if his birth mother had kept him and raised him on a reservation, the image is idealized and sanitized, stripped of the poverty, hunger, social issues, and oppression that many of the other Indian characters experienced growing up on reservations.
Providing a counterpoint to John’s fantasies about life on a reservation, one of the book’s other key characters, Marie Polatkin, also struggles with identity and belonging. Although Marie was raised on a Spokane reservation, her parents felt that her future lay in the wider white world, so they did not teach her the Spokane language or traditional song and dance. As a result, she grew up feeling alienated from many of her peers either because they lost interest in education or because they focused on learning about their own culture. Accordingly, like John, she often feels “less than Indian” (33), seeking to find some sense of belonging in Seattle’s urban Indian community.
John’s backstory also introduces the theme of anger. During his school days, John is frequently angry about his treatment by white society, especially the way racist white fathers convince their daughters to stop dating him, and is generally frustrated by the difficult conditions of his upbringing. However, he suppresses this anger, asking to be excused to the bathroom almost daily so that he can control his rage. There is also a theme of vengeance, as John becomes convinced that he should kill a white man and that doing so would serve as an act of revenge if only he could identity which white man is “responsible for everything that had gone wrong” (27).
It is never explicitly stated that John is the Indian Killer—certainly that is the belief of the police, but other characters remain convinced it was not him, and the issue is intentionally left ambiguous. As such, the killer functions as a separate character. All we really learn of this character at this stage is that they struggle to sleep, they are obsessive and mentally imbalanced, they appear to be responding to pain, hurt, and the arrogance of white people, and they are feeding a need, discovering that “one dead man [is] not enough” (54). Although these characteristics do connect up with John’s character, they also connect to other characters, both Indian and white.
Owls are used symbolically in relation to the murder. Prefiguring the act is the owl dance John shares with Marie, which introduces the idea of owls representing death in many Indian cultures, and the killer’s hands resemble owl’s talons as they pluck out Justin Summer’s eyes before leaving blood-soaked owl feathers on the mutilated corpse.
By Sherman Alexie