61 pages • 2 hours read
Italo CalvinoA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
While splitting apart the new novel’s pages with a paperknife, the Reader notices a printing error. Each page has text on one side only. Thus, the Reader comes to believe that this book isn’t Outside the town of Malbork. Fueling this suspicion, Brigd and the other characters’ names don’t “sound particularly Polish” (43). Rather, the Reader suspects that the story is set in Cimmeria. The Reader thinks about contacting the young woman from the bookstore. Her name is Ludmilla. When the Reader calls Ludmilla, however, her sister, Lotaria, answers the phone. Lotaria explains that Ludmilla reads all the time. She quizzes the Reader about the novel. The Reader isn’t sure whether the novel is even Outside the town of Malbork, however, and thus can’t provide answers. Lotaria invites the Reader to a university seminar, but the Reader is evasive, as “you prefer not to commit yourself” (45). Eventually, Lotaria explains that Ludmilla gives out Lotaria’s phone number to maintain a comfortable distance from strangers. Although the Reader is initially disappointed, the sound of Ludmilla’s distant voice on the line brightens the Reader’s mood. Ludmilla takes over the call. She and the Reader both agree that their strange new novel is set in Cimmeria. They arrange to meet with an expert in Cimmerian literature named Professor Uzzi-Tuzii.
When the Reader goes to the university, he can’t find the professor or Ludmilla. Eventually, a student named Irnerio helps by leading the Reader to Professor Uzzi-Tuzii. As he walks, Irnerio discusses his reading habits. He rarely reads, even though he’s a student. Instead, he stares at the words on a page “intensely, until they disappear” (49). Irnerio deposits the Reader in an empty room that is apparently undergoing renovation. The text reveals that a man who the Reader initially thinks is a painter is Professor Uzzi-Tuzii. The professor and the Reader discuss Cimmerian literature. At first, Uzzi-Tuzii suspects that the Reader is more interested in Ludmilla than Cimmeria. Since Ludmilla hasn’t yet arrived, the Reader presses the professor for information about the country. Uzzi-Tuzii complains that no one is interested in studying Cimmerian literature, so this “is a dead department of a dead literature in a dead language” (52). The Reader asks about the characters’ names in the mysterious novel. Recognizing the names, Uzzi-Tuzii suggests that the novel’s title may be Leaning from the steep slope by Cimmerian poet Ukko Ahti. The Reader listens to Uzzi-Tuzii read from the novel. Although the names are the same as in Ahti’s work, the plot seems unfamiliar.
Leaning from the steep slope takes the form of several diary entries. On Monday, the narrator takes his daily walk along the shore. As he passes the local prison, he sees “a hand thrust out of a window of the prison, toward the sea” (55). This impresses him. Continuing his walk, he spots Miss Zwida. She’s sitting in a chair beside a hotel, wearing a white hat. The narrator has seen Miss Zwida regularly, though he has been trying to avoid her. He’s concerned that she’ll want to talk about seashells. The narrator has “forgotten everything” he once knew about seashells. Later, he talks to a meteorologist named Mr. Kauderer at the nearby observatory. The usually reserved Mr. Kauderer opens up when talking about the weather, which pleases the narrator. Mr. Kauderer is planning a trip and asks the narrator to record some data for him, to which the narrator agrees.
On Tuesday, the narrator finally talks to Miss Zwida. She’s drawing a sea urchin, and he compliments her artistic skills. Then he visits the observatory to record the data. Two men “in heavy coats, dressed all in black” (60) arrive and ask to see Dr. Kauderer. The narrator explains that the meteorologist is away, so the men leave.
On Wednesday, the narrator passes the prison and sees Miss Zwida in the courtyard, dressed in a black veil. He also sees the two men in black coats. Later, he writes in his diary and wonders whether anyone will ever read his entries. He doesn’t believe anyone could ever understand his “ambiguous” diary.
On Thursday, the narrator discovers that Miss Zwida makes regular trips to the prison. She has an official permit for these visits. Although he doesn’t mention that he saw her in the prison the previous day, the narrator talks to Miss Zwida about drawing. He thinks that he would only sketch inanimate objects. Miss Zwida mentions her desire to draw “one of those little anchors with four flukes, known as “grapnels.” She’d never be able to buy such a grapnel, as she doesn’t believe a young lady should. Therefore, she can’t make the sketch. The narrator offers to buy the grapnel for her. She asks for one with an extra-long rope.
On Thursday evening, the narrator enters a bar. He’s pleased with his day’s work, having struck up a dialogue with Miss Zwida. He overhears two men talking about their work in the local prison; one says he saw a “perfumed young lady slip [one of the guards] a hundred-crown note to leave her alone with the convict” (64).
On Friday, the narrator attempts to buy the grapnel for Miss Zwida. A suspicious fisherman tells him to visit a chandler. The chandler, too, is suspicious of the narrator’s desire to buy a grapnel. He refuses to make the sale because grapnels can be used in prison escapes.
On Saturday, Mr. Kauderer returns. He sends the narrator a message, asking to meet in the cemetery that evening. The narrator follows the instructions, but at the cemetery the gravedigger says the meteorologist isn’t there. As the narrator walks between the graves, Mr. Kauderer snatches him into the shadows. He accuses the narrator of endangering the observatory by trying to orchestrate a prison break and alludes to a mysterious “long-term plan” (66) that he considers more important than any prison escape. The police will visit the narrator to question him about the grapnel, Mr. Kauderer says, so the narrator mustn’t mention Mr. Kauderer’s name, and the narrator can no longer work at the observatory.
On Sunday, the narrator visits the observatory. A storm brews, and the narrator has the strange feeling that he’s in control of the weather. Hearing a creak, he turns to see a man with a scraggly beard and ragged clothes. The man begs the narrator not to betray him and asks him to send a message to a guest at the hotel.
The Reader listens to Professor Uzzi-Tuzii reading Leaning from the steep slope. The act of listening feels very different from the act of reading. As the professor continues, he’s increasingly fluent and excited but occasionally pauses to explain and contextualize his translation choices. The Reader, engrossed in the story, barely notices when Ludmilla enters. During one of the professor’s long pauses, she asks, “[A]nd then?” The narrator explains that this is the point in the novel when Ukko Ahti, overcome by depression, dies by suicide. The section the professor just read was published after Ahti’s death. The professor warns the Reader and Ludmilla not to search for the rest of the novel: All Cimmerian novels are unfinished since they’re written in “the wordless language of the dead” (71).
As Ludmilla and the professor talk academically about reading, the Reader feels overwhelmed. Ludmilla states her desire to finish the story. However, she’s interrupted by her sister, Lotaria, who enters, carrying a novel that she studied in a recent “seminar on the feminist revolution” (73). She thinks this novel would suit Ludmilla perfectly. Its title is Without fear of wind or vertigo. The professor has heard of the book; it isn’t an authentic Cimmerian novel, he claims, but an elaborate forgery by a rival nationality, the Cimbrians. At that moment, a pale man with a beard enters the room. He’s Professor Galligani, who teaches Lotaria’s class. He overheard Professor Uzzi-Tuzii and disputes his claim, countering that Without fear of wind or Vertigo is a genuine Cimmerian work. Ludmilla doesn’t care about the professors’ “Cimbro-Cimmerian debate” (74). She just wants to finish the story. Lotaria tells the Reader and Ludmilla to join her feminist seminar. The Reader listens to Professor Galligani lecture about Without fear of wind or vertigo. Galligani explains that the novel was translated into German to reach a wider audience. As Lotaria begins to read a passage, however, the Reader realizes that it has “no possible connection” (76) to any of the earlier novels.
A group of young people leaves a club after a night of listening to music. The group crosses the city of New Titania. The narrator is dressed in a soldier’s uniform and carries a heavy pistol in a holster. He’s accompanied by his friends, Valerian (who’s also armed with a pistol) and Irina, who seems to hold the two men in her control. They pass a church that has been turned into a ward for cholera patients. An old woman shakes her fist at them as they pass, calling “down with the gentry” (79). To the narrator, her protest feels ominous of what will come. The news tells of strikes at the Kauderer factory, which makes munitions, and mentions rumors of a counterrevolutionary force amassing to reclaim the city.
The narration flashes back to when the narrator and Irina met for the first time. An enemy army was advancing toward their position. As civilians, they took up arms and defended the city long enough for the noncombatants to find shelter. Amid the chaos, the narrator felt oddly in harmony with the people fleeing over the Iron Bridge. He saw Irina tumble in the crowd and helped her to her feet, saving her from being trampled. Irina insisted that she was fine and didn’t say thank you. The narrator introduced himself as Alex Zinnober and said that though his regiment had completely “abolished” (84) ranks, he was the equivalent of a lieutenant. He passed through the chaos of the city with Irina. Eventually, he lost her in a crowd. He visited his friend Valerian at the Heavy Industry Commission. Valerian was cleaning his pistol when the narrator entered. Irina interrupted their conversation. She admitted that she’d been listening from behind a screen. Taking the pistol from Valerian, she loaded a round, spun the cylinder, and pointed the gun at the narrator as if she was about to pull the trigger. The narrator told her not to joke, and she responded that the only joke was a revolution in which men but not women could have guns. When a messenger arrived, Irina hid. As Valerian took the message, the narrator asked whether Irina’s sarcastic comments were appropriate. Valerian, who seemed to know her, said that “Irina d[id]n’t joke” (87) about such matters.
The narration returns to the present. The narrator, Valerian, and Irina are having sex together in Irina’s apartment. The narrator thinks about a secret he’s hiding from his friends. He has been given a mission: to uncover “the identity of the spy who has infiltrated the Revolutionary Committee” (88). While Valerian and Irina are distracted, the narrator searches Valerian’s clothes. Inside, he finds a “death sentence for treason” (90), signed and stamped and bearing the narrator’s name.
As a novel about novels, the text uses the characters’ literary tastes to sketch their characters, thematically highlighting The Act of Reading. Reading habits become essential points of comparison, differentiating characters who are seemingly alike. Ludmilla’s first interaction with the Reader hinted at this, but her character becomes clearer when the text compares her to her sister. The text discerns the difference between Lotaria and Ludmilla through their contrasting approach to literature. Lotaria uses literature as fuel for her academic ambitions, while Ludmilla reads for the thrill of reading. She’s unsure of her exact desires, often contradicting herself when explaining why she prefers a particular book over another. The Reader struggles to keep up, agreeing with her comments because he wants to impress her. The difficulty in understanding Ludmilla’s tastes is, for the Reader, an extension of the novel’s examination of the act of reading. The text presents her to the Reader like a text. To understand Ludmilla, the Reader must analyze her puzzling train of thought like a novel filled with contradictory statements. In this way, the contrast between Ludmilla and Lotaria becomes an exercise in comparative analysis. The Reader converses with both sisters and, in doing so, emerges with a better understanding of Ludmilla by juxtaposing their contrasting personalities. People, the Reader comes to find, can be compared, contrasted, and analyzed, just like novels.
As the Reader becomes increasingly attracted to Ludmilla, he becomes increasingly obsessed with finishing the novels. Each time he begins a new one, however, he must stop reading just as the plot intensifies. Leaning from the steep slope ends just as the escaped prisoner begs the narrator for help, while Without fear of wind or vertigo ends just as the narrator discovers his own death warrant. The Reader’s interest in Ludmilla runs parallel to his interest in the end of each novel, creating an emotional investment in both the relationship and the plot. The Reader wants to finish the novels not only to discuss them with Ludmilla but also because he’s sincerely interested in them. After the fourth time he’s interrupted, the Reader begins to notice a pattern. This pattern of obsession, interest, and interruption is echoed across the texts, just as the archetypal roles of the novels’ characters are resumed in each novel by characters with the same functions, thematically foregrounding Archetypal and Structural Recurrence. The narrators of Leaning from the steep slope and Without fear of wind or vertigo perform the same function as the Reader; Miss Zwida and Irina perform the same function as Ludmilla. These patterns of interest and denial develop into obsessions: The Reader becomes determined to find meaning in the commonalities of literature, just as he wants an explanation for why he isn’t allowed to finish the books.
Rather than reading Leaning from the steep slope as he read the other novels, the Reader listens to Professor Uzzi-Tuzii narrate the novel to him. This narration differs from the text the novel presents because the professor’s narration “stop[s] at every word” (68) to point out relevant ideas and information related to the translation. His labored reading and explanations about the nuances and cultural significance of words, which address how depth of meaning can be partially lost during translation, introduce The Power of Words as a theme. At this point, the audience’s experience of the story differs from the Reader’s experience. The professor’s need to intersperse citations and footnotes into his commentary speaks to the difference between academic readings of a text and reading a text for enjoyment. The Reader doesn’t need and even dislikes these interruptions; he’d prefer to read for himself. For the academic, however, the subtle difficulties of translation are as much a point of the text as the story, the characters, and the prose. The professor’s fascination with the impossible nuances of translation—of trying to convey a complex meaning when translating from one language to another—foreshadow the conspiracy of Ermes Marana in the next section. The difficulty of translation will emerge as a key theme in the novel, and the Reader’s experience of Professor Uzzi-Tuzii’s halting, punctuated narration is an early indication of how this difficulty affects literature.
By Italo Calvino
Art
View Collection
Beauty
View Collection
Books About Art
View Collection
Books & Literature
View Collection
Community
View Collection
Italian Studies
View Collection
Magical Realism
View Collection
Politics & Government
View Collection
School Book List Titles
View Collection
Science & Nature
View Collection
Sociology
View Collection
Truth & Lies
View Collection