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38 pages 1 hour read

Christopher Isherwood

Goodbye To Berlin

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1939

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Themes

Isherwood’s Invisible Sexual Identity

Throughout the course of the novel, Christopher Isherwood, the narrator, remains largely enigmatic. We are able to gather through his interactions with others that he is a polite and proper gentleman, always erring on the side of discretion and tact and very rarely acting on his passions. Much like the relationship between Otto and Peter on Ruegen Island, Isherwood’s sexuality is never explicitly touched upon. Isherwood, the author, was an openly gay writer, yet for Isherwood the character, his sexual identity is, at best, alluded to through ambiguity. Frl. Schroeder is particularly confused about Isherwood’s relationship with Sally Bowles once Klaus Linke starts coming around the apartment for her. Sally is always alluding to how difficult it must be for Isherwood to understand her situation. There is also the interesting moment toward the end of the novel when Fritz Wendel and Isherwood emerge from the Salomé only to be confronted by an American tourist. The American asks Fritz about the men inside the Salomé dressed as women. He wants to know if they’re “queer.” Fritz replies, “Eventually we’re all queer” (192). This startles the young man and he asks Isherwood if he is queer. Isherwood responds, “Yes…very queer indeed” (192). Even in this moment, Isherwood’s sexual identity is masked in a joke. It makes sense that Isherwood would want to keep this part of himself a secret in the novel, with the rise of the Nazis and their antagonism toward homosexuality. Further, it’s interesting to note that Isherwood never once reflects on this piece of information about himself in private. The novel is bookended by apparent diary entries, but Isherwood the narrator still never feels comfortable disclosing this part of himself in his writing.

The Apathy of the Average Citizen

There are many instances of violence enacted by Nazi individuals against Jewish people in the novel. This violence sometimes takes the form of physical violence, like when Isherwood details the scene where a Nazi tries to drag a Jewish boy off to the police after picking up a girl in his car. There is also political violence, such as when a Nazi demonstration ends with the windows to all of the Jewish shops being smashed. A recurring theme throughout the novel is that the average, private citizen who bears witness to an event like this, or hears of a threatening political policy or ideology, is privately against such violence. For example, when Frau Nowak describes how, when Hitler comes, “he’ll show these Jews a thing or two” (177). When Isherwood suggests that Hitler would get rid of the Jews altogether, Frau Nowak’s tone changes. She says, “Oh, I shouldn’t like that to happen” (117). After the fight between the two Jewish boys and the Nazi who tried to drag them off to the police, Isherwood notes the following of the crowd that gathered afterward: “Very few of them sided openly with the Nazis: several people supported the Jews; but the majority confined themselves to shaking their heads dubiously and murmuring: ‘Allerhand!’” (190). Even as Isherwood tries to discuss politics with his English students, most of them seem uninterested and unworried about the growing political unrest in their country. Through the apathy and silence of the average German citizen, the extremists are able to consolidate and grow their power.

Sudden Character Disappearances

At many points in the novel, a character suddenly has the impulse to up and leave Berlin. At the end of the second chapter, Sally leaves Berlin for Paris and then Rome without giving Isherwood any notice, never to be seen or heard from again. Earlier in the same chapter, Clive does the same thing: one night, he’s talking about traveling the world with Sally and Isherwood, and the very next morning, he’s left for Budapest without any warning or explanation why. To a lesser degree, Klaus also leaves rather suddenly and unexpectedly in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, Otto abandons Peter suddenly when he leaves Ruegen Island to head back to Berlin. In his only note to Peter, he only tells him not to be angry, offering no further explanation. To a lesser degree, the news that Frau Nowak is leaving for the sanatorium comes suddenly and unexpectedly in Chapter 4. Natalia Landauer disappears abroad in Chapter 5 without giving any notice to Isherwood. Finally, Bernhard Landauer disappears after Isherwood returns to Berlin after leaving for England. At the end of the novel, Isherwood is pondering how many of his friends are in prison or possibly dead. With the new régime change and general police cleanup, many people in Nazi Germany probably felt as though they saw many of their close friends disappear without notice or explanation as well.

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