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47 pages 1 hour read

Jean Craighead George

Frightful's Mountain

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1999

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Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “Frightful Takes Off”

When the peregrine falcon, Frightful, is taken away from her mountain home by poachers, all she can think about is finding her way back to Sam Gribley, the human she thinks of as her mother. As the novel opens, the poachers are driving Frightful, hooded and tethered, several days’ journey from her home. When the men place her on a perch in a forest, she uses the sounds she hears to understand her surroundings since her eyes are covered with a hood. She hears a coyote kill the hawk on the perch next to her, and once the coyote leaves with its prey, she hears the voice of Alice, Sam’s sister. Alice cuts Frightful loose from her jesses and removes the hood so that Frightful can escape. As Frightful takes flight, she finds herself in unfamiliar territory, uncertain of how to find Sam. She is also unsure of how to hunt for food without Sam, who usually kicks up prey for her to catch in open fields. The next morning, Frightful spots Alice climbing a tree to retrieve a baby goshawk from its nest, and Sam soon appears on the ground beneath. The goshawks defend their nest, attacking Alice, Sam, and Frightful in turn. When the commotion is over, Frightful calls to Sam and makes her presence known to him. Sam, however, chooses not to call Frightful to his arm. Confused, Frightful eventually flies away and joins a male peregrine falcon that is looking for a mate. She is torn between the pull of the male, named Chup, and the need to return to Sam, but eventually follows Chup in flight above the Schoharie Valley.

Chapter 2 Summary: “Frightful Goes to Falcon School”

Frightful is drawn by her peregrine instincts to follow Chup to his cliff ledge home. She is used to her mountain filled with trees, so the terrain feels unfamiliar, yet she has a distant memory that she was born in a similar cliff environment. Chup bows to Frightful, honoring her for her size and power. Frightful sees Chup’s young—three eyases, or baby falcons. They call out to be fed, but Frightful does not know what to do. She watches Chup feed them by picking up morsels of duck and placing it in the eyases’ mouths one at a time. Chup also offers duck to Frightful, who is quite hungry. He then leaves to hunt, and Frightful continues to eat while he is gone. Chup’s first mate, the chicks’ mother, left to exercise one day and never returned, presumably having been killed. Although Frightful does not know the typical peregrine way of life, when the eyases snuggle into Frightful for warmth, her brooding instinct kicks in. When they start to cry again for food with an insistent “[p]see, psee, psee” (26), Frightful feels overwhelmed and unsure of how to feed them. She thinks of Sam again and prepares to take flight when Chup returns with food.

Frightful does not know that she is supposed to pluck the duck Chup brings and feed the chicks, so Chup does so, first feeding the females, Lady and Duchess. Before he can feed Drum, Chup sees a pigeon and leaves to catch it. Frightful is left with the screaming Drum, who eventually starts taking bites of food from Frightful’s mouth. Before long, the chicks grow large enough to be left alone, and Frightful leaves to hunt. At first, she struggles. She is used to hunting rabbits and pheasants in open fields with Sam and doesn’t know how to hunt ducks. Eventually, though, Frightful finds a dog named Mole, who scares up game from below the tall grass the way that Sam used to do for her. Frightful catches a rabbit kicked up by Mole, and although the dog and bird briefly fight over it, Frightful emerges victorious and returns to the cliff in the Schoharie Valley with food for the eyases.

Chapter 3 Summary: “The Eyases Get on Wing”

Drum, Duchess, and Lady are used to eating birds and therefore do not eat the rabbit. When Frightful starts to eat it, they attack her. This is part of their training for the competitive world of survival they will be entering soon. Frightful flies to a nearby tree and watches as Chup returns home, weakened by hunger. The eyases attack him, too, but he fends them off and eats the rabbit. Eventually, hunger forces all three chicks to try the rabbit. Frightful and Chup now leave the aerie to the young and perch in trees nearby. This is a natural process for a peregrine family as the eyases gradually gain independence from their parents.

Frightful continues to hunt with Mole, and the two become a team. Frightful takes the rabbits and pheasants that Mole kicks up by running through a field but leaves skunks, rats, and the like for Mole. As the number of animals in a field starts to decrease, Mole leads Frightful to another, thus allowing the animals to repopulate the original field. Meanwhile, the eyases gradually learn to fly as wind sometimes carries them off the ground when they spread their wings. Their sharp vision also begins to develop, and they can see far into the distance and memorize details about their environment. As the young start to fly in short spurts, Chup and Frightful refrain from bringing them food. They must learn to fly back to the aerie and the food source or face death if they stay in place. 

Chapter 4 Summary: “The Wilderness Tests the Eyases”

As the eyases grow hungry at their various locations away from the aerie, instinct tells Frightful not to feed them. Duchess and Drum eventually flap their wings and make it to the aerie and to the food there. Duchess chases Drum off the cliff, and he takes flight. Duchess then flies accidentally when an updraft catches her wings as she stands at the edge of the aerie. Meanwhile, Lady, who is on the ground beneath the cliff, is in danger of starvation. She starts to climb the cliff, awkwardly beating her wings, and Frightful defends her when a fox tries to attack. Struggling toward the aerie, Lady gathers the last of her strength to grab a pigeon that Chup had just dropped there. Toward the end of the summer, the young peregrines catch their own food and then find their own homes away from the aerie. When they begin to sense changes in the weather, they migrate south. Frightful, however, does not feel the signals to migrate. She still feels a pull to locate Sam and his hemlock tree home. However, if Frightful waits too long, the migration window will close, and she will likely not survive the harsh northern winter.

Chapters 1-4 Analysis

The novel begins a little before the conclusion of the previous novel in the series, On the Far Side of the Mountain. The overlapping of events, such as the poachers’ theft of Frightful and Alice’s taking a baby goshawk from its nest, help orient the reader and provide continuity between the two novels. In contrast to On the Far Side of the Mountain, which is told from Sam’s first-person point of view, Frightful’s Mountain is narrated in a third-person point of view with a focus on Frightful’s perspective. Thus, whereas the reader experiences Sam’s decision to let Frightful go free in the earlier novel, in the later one, the reader senses Frightful’s confusion and unsettledness when Sam does not whistle for her.

George establishes from the novel’s beginning that Frightful is not a typical falcon. Sam took her from her nest when she was less than two weeks old, so Frightful sees Sam as her mother. This raises the question of whether Frightful’s imprinting on Sam will keep her from mating, having young, and surviving on her own, and the conflict between Frightful’s pull toward Sam and her falcon instincts forms the main tension of the novel. George repeats the phrase “the one mountain among thousands of mountains, the one tree among millions of trees” to show that Sam and his mountain home constantly come to Frightful’s mind (10). Whether these thoughts keep her from following her instincts or her upbringing has repressed them, Frightful’s loyalty to Sam endangers her survival, especially when Frightful becomes more concerned about finding Sam than about migrating south.

Even so, sometimes Frightful’s instincts are strong—she has not lost touch with her wildness—which shows the hold instinct has over animals to tell them what to do to survive and reproduce. George also educates the reader on falcon behavior through her descriptions of Frightful’s instincts: Cues such as changes in the sunlight, an extra layer of fat, and depleting food sources tell birds to fly south for the winter. The narrative also highlights the development of the eyases and the dangers that threaten them, the process of learning to fly and the role of hunger as a teacher, and the narrator even explains how a falcon’s vision develops and how its digestion cycle works. Much of the novel’s educational component relies on how the author incorporates scientific information in small doses without disrupting the flow of the story.

The scientific facts about falcons and their instincts help underpin The Balance of Nature. For example, when Frightful hunts with Mole, she helps to control animal populations without depleting them. Frightful naturally knows not to overhunt an area; she hunts the most abundant animal populations and then moves to a new hunting ground. She knows to return after the animals have had time to reproduce and become abundant once more. Nature can also be a harsh place where hunger forces animals to be competitive in order to survive. When hunger motivates Chup’s chicks to attack their parents, it is an important step in their gaining independence and preparing to compete for food on their own. Other examples of competition include a hawk’s stealing food from Frightful and Mole’s and Frightful’s occasional battles over the food they catch together. While George does not shy away from the harshness of life in the wild, she does highlight The Beauty and Wonder of Nature. Frightful’s falcon perspective gives the reader a sense of the majesty of the Catskill Mountains and shows the birds’ fierceness and beauty in a way that expresses the author’s own respect and appreciation for nature. 

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