50 pages • 1 hour read
Lesa Cline-RansomeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Langston’s father wakes him early the next morning to set out on their regular Saturday errands, starting with a trip to the bank, then going to pay the rent, and finally stopping at the fish market. As he watches his father put aside money at the bank to send to his sister in Alabama, Langston feels resentment because it means he and his father often “gotta go without” (35). At the fish market, someone snickers “country” when Henry requests a “[p]ound of porgies, […] head and tails on” (37). Langston refrains from telling Henry he’s called “country boy” at school but asks if this label offends him. Henry responds by saying he’s not ashamed of his roots. The morning’s errands kindle Langston’s wistful memories of his mother’s cooking and attentive housekeeping.
They return to their apartment just as Miss Fulton is leaving to do her shopping. Exhausted after his late night of reading, Langston is chagrined when his father suggests he help Miss Fulton, but he sets off to the store with her nevertheless.
Henry has left for work, and Langston is anxious to leave for school but can’t find his apartment key. Searching under his father’s bed, he discovers the key as well as a shoebox full of letters. Curiosity overpowers Langston’s respect for privacy, and he opens the letter addressed in big handwriting that his father recently received. Henry’s sister Lena writes that she needs money for the doctor because their mother—Langston’s grandmother—is very ill. Langston can’t remember his strong, indominable grandmother ever being sick. The news troubles Langston and triggers memories of his grandmother caring tenderly for his mother throughout the duration of her terminal illness.
After school, Langston walks to the library and notices the trees turning yellow. He thinks of the Magnolia trees in Alabama. At the library, he checks out another Langston Hughes book and a book about trees.
When Lymon hounds Langston after school the next day, Langston explodes with anger and Lymon punches his face. A teacher quickly intervenes, and Langston hurries home but isn’t stealthy enough to dodge Miss Fulton, who notices his swollen lip. Inside his apartment, Langston is too distracted to read. He hears his father’s footsteps outside, then Miss Fulton’s door opening and their hushed voices in conversation. Henry comes in the apartment and asks Langston what happened. Langston can no longer hold back his pent-up tears.
Henry sits beside Langston. After an awkward silence, Langston says he wants to go back home to Alabama. Henry explains why Alabama has nothing to offer them. Henry and his wife Teena worked tirelessly on their small farm there, but they seemed to fall deeper into debt each year. They heard that in the North, “a man can provide for his family without always scrapping and bowing” (52) within the White ruling structure. Langston’s mother died before they had the means to move North, but it was her dream to do so, to provide Langston with a future other than “working a plot” (52) like his parents. Langston nods, understanding that his father takes pride in the money he now earns at the paper factory.
As they begin dinner, Henry asks about the scuffle Langston got into at school. Certain this question follows from his father’s talk with Miss Fulton, Langston silently curses her but tells his father about Lymon and his accomplices. Henry, who attends church regularly but is less devout after losing his wife, reminds Langston that the “Bible says turn the other cheek” (53). A knock at the door interrupts them. It’s Miss Fulton with a fresh-baked pie, and to Langston’s surprise, his father calls her Pearl.
Instead of going straight to work the next morning, Henry walks Langston to school and talks with the principal.
Langston routinely fills his satchel with books at the library, and Miss Cook sets aside those she thinks he’ll like, especially titles by Langston Hughes. Her habit of referring to Hughes as Langston’s namesake pleases Langston, although he’s convinced “there ain’t no chance Mama named me for a poet who wrote pretty words” (56). The words and imagery in Hughes’s poems speak to Langston, evoking the essence of Alabama so intensely he wonders if Hughes lived there.
When Langston gets home from the library, his father tells him his grandmother has died. This blow is compounded by the news that Henry will go to the funeral in Alabama alone, leaving Langston in the apartment. Miss Fulton has agreed to cook for Langston and check on him. The grief Langston feels over his grandmother’s death reminds him of the day his mother died. His grandmother had sent him to school, assuring him his mother would want him to go, and when he returned, she was gone.
Shortly after Henry leaves for the train, Miss Fulton knocks on the door and invites Langston for dinner. Having endured his father’s bad cooking for so long, Langston relishes the food Miss Fulton has prepared, thinking, “I ain’t had a meal this good since I left home” (60).
Langston takes advantage of his father’s absence to look in the shoebox under his bed. It contains letters Teena wrote to Henry, and although he feels guilty for “stealing secrets” from his parents, Langston reads them. He is surprised to find a short poem in one of his mother’s letters and thinks there “ain’t no way she sat and wrote poetry” (62) after a long day of exhausting housework. After tucking the shoebox back under the bed, Langston opens the autobiography of Langston Hughes that Miss Cook selected for him. A photograph reveals that Hughes was African American too, and Langston—still reflecting on the poem in his mother’s letters—ponders “how you could know someone so well but not know them at all” (63).
When Langston arrives at the library the next day, he is stunned to see Clem talking with Miss Cook. Assuming the school bullies have followed him, Langston confronts Clem after he leaves the children’s area, but Clem denies Langston’s accusations. As Clem explains that he visits the library every Thursday while his mother is working, Langston notes how “small and skinny” (65) he looks compared to Langston’s own solid build. The boys reach an uneasy truce as they talk briefly about books before Clem leaves. Hoping to find Langton Hughes’s portrait, Langston walks by the picture gallery of African American authors and is met with another surprising sight: photographs of several women, one of whom is named Gwendolyn Brooks.
Meals with Miss Fulton are unexpectedly enjoyable. She cooks very well and talks readily, unlike Langston’s brooding father. With her pearl earrings and tidy hairdo, Miss Fulton impresses Langston as “a real lady” (67). It so happens she is a high school English teacher, and when she mentions that her class is studying poetry, Langston doesn’t disguise his interest. She shows him a book containing the works of many different “colored poets” (69), including Langston Hughes. After volunteering that Hughes is one of her favorite poets, Miss Fulton reads aloud his poem, “The Negro Mother.” Langston closes his eyes, reveling in the beauty of the words. When the poem ends, he asks Miss Fulton to read it again.
The novel’s middle chapters grapple with the concept of home and what makes a place a home. From the novel’s opening page, Langston displays a preoccupation with the home he left in Alabama and with the sense of homelessness he feels in Chicago. His narrative begins as he’s quickly leaving school, thinking, “I wish it were home I was rushing to. Instead, I’m hurrying to get as far away as I can from Haines Junior High School” (1). With this reflection, Langston betrays his feeling that he has no home to rush to, only an apartment so small “it ain’t nothing but a room tucked in between […] a lot of other rooms. Nothing here belongs to us, just whoever pays the rent” (2). After Lymon bloodies Langston’s lip in Chapter 10, Langston bursts into tears and tells his father, “This ain’t my home” (51). He pleads with Henry to return to Alabama, but Henry says their home is no longer there. Although Langston remembers his days in the South as full and happy, Henry explains that, in reality, their lives were hampered by a racist socioeconomic structure that kept them impoverished. Having “heard a lot of folks talk about up north, [where] a man can provide for his family without always scraping and bowing” (52), Langston’s parents had long-standing plans to leave Alabama.
When Henry recalls “folks talk[ing] about up north” (52), he is alluding to a mass movement of African Americans now known as the Great Migration. From 1916 until 1970, some 6 million Black Americans relocated from the rural South to urban areas in the industrializing North. This exodus was inspired both by a desire to escape the South’s unjust Jim Crow laws and by the promise of gainful factory jobs. As the portrait gallery Langston sees at the library proves, the Black Americans arriving in Northern cities like Chicago also enriched the cultural landscape with their unique voices and visions.
Langston Hughes was a Southern-born African American who, during the 1920s, became a leading member of the Harlem Renaissance, an artistic movement that celebrated Black culture and was centered in Harlem, New York. Hughes also “grew the cultural scene” (105) in Chicago. In her author’s note at the end of the novel, Lesa Cline-Ransome notes that Hughes lived near George Cleveland Hall Branch Library in the late 1930s, and, along with writers like “Arna Bontemps, Gwendolyn Brooks, [and] Richard Wright, […] formed the Chicago Black Renaissance” (105). With his discovery of Hughes’s poetry, young Langston begins the process of discovering himself. Langston’s father has always advised him to “turn the other cheek” (53), to conceal his true feelings. Reading Hughes’s poems provides Langston with a much-needed means for self-reflection; they provoke him to acknowledge his feelings and to effectively reflect upon and validate his inner feelings of loss and loneliness, as if the poems are mirrors. As Langston gains confidence in his feelings, he starts to openly express them. Thus, while walking home after confronting Clem at the library, Langston thinks, “I feel lighter somehow. It’s not till I get to my steps I realize it’s the first time I ever yelled at someone” (66).
These chapters continue to explore the idea that the inner self cannot be reduced to outer appearances or even to an extensive accumulation of impressions. Langston learns, to his surprise, that uppity Miss Fulton shares his love of poetry and that Clem would rather be reading than throwing punches with Lymon. Moreover, he is amazed to find lines of poetry in his mother’s letters to his father, and he wonders “how you could know someone so well but not know them at all” (63).