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57 pages 1 hour read

Laura Ingalls Wilder

Farmer Boy

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1933

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Chapters 11-15Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 11 Summary: “Springtime”

Almanzo and his family work their fields of crops in the spring. After plowing the fields with manure in the fall, the farm fields must be harrowed (using a tool with metal teeth or tines dragged over plowed land to break up clods, remove weeds, and cover seeds). Almanzo uses the old mares Bess and Beauty to harrow, since he’s not allowed to lead the other horses, and they push through the dirt with Almanzo behind using the reins. He harrows one way and then the other for long hours. They break for lunch, then harrow more. Working so hard makes Almanzo feel like a “soldier,” and after plowing, planting potatoes, digging with hoes, and packing seeds down in the soil, he sleeps soundly all night.

Father sows fields for potatoes, grain, rye, oats, and peas. The crops will feed the family and their horses and cows. Some crops will be sold. The whole family goes down the rows Father made, planting the correct seeds and covering them with soil. Later, they plant corn too. Almanzo tries to keep pace with Royal and Father, who plant corn much faster, but he knows someday his legs will be longer and he’ll be as fast as them.

Chapter 12 Summary: “Tin-Peddler”

One day, a man with a white horse and red cart comes down the road. Almanzo cries out that it’s Nick Brown, the tin-peddler. Nick lives in his big cart, a house on wheels, and travels around bringing news, stories, and songs. He tells Father that horse buyers are looking for strong colts like his. Nick hitches his horse, stays for dinner, and makes them all laugh with stories and songs.

The next day, Nick opens his cart to show off many items made of tin, like pails, pie pans, basins, bread pans, dish pans, and more. Nick made the tin items. Mother trades her homemade rags and linens for tin items. He gives Eliza Jane and Alice some baking tins in fun shapes like hearts to bake cakes. He gives Almanzo a red tin horn to play with. Nick then heads out, whistling his songs, and Almanzo looks forward to next spring when they’ll see him again.

Chapter 13 Summary: “The Strange Dog”

One day, a new horse buyer arrives, and Father sends the four-year-old colts into the pasture for display. Father tells him they’re gentle, trained for single- or double-driving carts, and healthy. The horse buyer inspects the horses, touching their legs, checking their teeth, and watching their gaits—walks, trots, and gallops. Almanzo is proud of the colts, whom he helped currycomb until their hides glistened.

After negotiating, the men settle on $200 per horse. The horse buyer leaves. Since it’s too late to go to the bank, Father keeps the money in the house. Mother feels nervous about the money, so she keeps moving it to new hiding places. Father tells her that no one will rob them, but they hear a noise outside. A skinny dog is at the door. Since its ribs are visible, Alice is allowed to feed the starving dog. She sets a plate of food outside for it.

Mother awakens before dawn because the dog is growling. She goes outside but doesn’t see anything. The dog keeps barking at the woodshed. A bit later, Father finds two sets of footprints by the woodshed. Someone had come to rob them, but the dog warned them. Father assumes that the horse buyer told someone in town he’d paid them the large sum of money, and the robbers overheard and tried to target them. The helpful dog leaves, hopefully to find its way home.

Chapter 14 Summary: “Sheep-shearing”

Almanzo and his friends Pierre and Louis lead the sheep down from a pasture to get their wool sheared (like haircuts). They lead the flock to the river first. Father and Lazy John catch the sheep, bathe them individually, and then push them to another gated pasture. When the sheep bleat and try to run away, Almanzo and the other boys block their path.

The next day, the cleaned sheep are led to the barnyard. Father, Lazy John, and Joe cut off their wool with shears until they can see their pink skin underneath. Almanzo, Royal, and their friends collect the wool and tie it together for safekeeping. Almanzo gets distracted by a barn cat with new kittens. Father scolds him to keep up with the wool. They turn the shearing and wool collecting into a game by seeing who can move faster: the shearers or the collectors. They laugh that Almanzo can’t keep up with their pace and they’ll win.

When they break for dinner, Almanzo stays behind and ties up one sheep alone in the barn to hide the animal. The men finish shearing all the sheep, telling Almanzo they won. However, Almanzo laughs that he has tied up all the wool and they missed a sheep: the secret one he tied up. They all laugh and think Almanzo played a great prank.

Chapter 15 Summary: “Cold Snap”

Almanzo returns to school for the spring term. Only the youngest children go, and he’s jealous that the rest of his family gets to stay home and work on chores. He can’t wait for summer to stay home and assist with chores. Father takes the wool to town to have it combed out on machines. Mother and the kids dye the wool different colors. Mother makes soap from the lard they saved from their cooking meats all winter. Soon, Almanzo helps plant pumpkins. He takes his time planting and pulling weeds so that he doesn’t have to go to school.

Since it’s a cold spring, the corn isn’t growing well yet. Near the Fourth of July, the weather isn’t as warm as usual, and Father fears that frost may get the corn. That night, Mother wakes Almanzo up to rush to save the corn from frost. The cold weather could kill their corn crop.

The family hurries with water to pour over the frozen corn so that the ice will melt. If the sun rises, it will kill the corn. Almanzo works until his whole body hurts, pouring water on the thousands of corn stalks. They save three acres of their corn crop with hard work, losing only a quarter of an acre’s worth.

Chapters 11-15 Analysis

To accurately portray the activities and culture of the 1800s time period, the field work is done primarily by hand using simple tools, like hoes and plows, and animals like horses and oxen. Almanzo’s family doesn’t have advanced tools. They use a harrow pulled behind horses to complete the furrowing. They use manure as natural fertilizer. The family plants the seeds by hand, covering them with dirt, and then furrows again with their old-fashioned plows. By describing these methods, the author accurately depicts the technology of the time: Farmers didn’t have tractors, balers, or other advanced equipment to help them in the farm fields. Instead, they worked the land with their own hands and animals—from tilling to planting to weeding—to ensure that they had the healthiest crops.

The Wilder family relies on only themselves (again emphasizing the theme of Agricultural Life and Self-Sufficiency) and earns the rewards of hard work when their plants grow to fruition. The harrowing of the fields, planting, furrowing, weeding, etc. is constant work for months, but it sustains them with a fresh crop for eating and selling:

There was no time to lose, no time to waste in rest or play. The life of the earth comes up with a rush in the springtime. [...] Farmers must fight them with harrow and plow and hoe; they must plant the good seeds quickly. [...] From dawn to dark [Almanzo] worked, from dark to dawn he slept, then he was up again and working (123).

The corn chapter in particular shows the family banding together to ensure that unseasonably frosty weather doesn’t harm their crops. Again, they don’t have machinery or advanced methods to help, so they must try to save the corn by hand-watering as quickly as possible before the sun comes up and ruins the freezing corn. Parents and all children were expected to work on a farm, especially during a tough time like an early frost, since they needed any extra hands available to take care of the fields. Thankfully, Almanzo’s family saves most of the corn crop, which shows their determination, teamwork, and perseverance as a supportive, driven family and foregrounds the theme of The Benefits of Hard Work and Perseverance.

Although children were more independent and had vast responsibilities on a farm during this time period, they still experienced playful times, such as Almanzo’s prank during sheep-shearing contest. Another example of hard work and team-building, they gather the sheep and shear them as a group. The men shear the sheep while Almanzo and Royal carry their wool; Mother and Almanzo’s sisters will use the soft wool to make clothes, quilts, and more. They don’t waste any part of the wool, showing their resourcefulness and self-sufficiency. Almanzo reveals his silly and competitive side when he ties up the single sheep to hide it from the men. To win the competition of who is faster (the shearers or the wool-gatherers), he uses his wits to slyly beat the men. By tying up one sheep and causing everyone to laugh, Almanzo provides good-natured fun in this scene. His joke is well-received, and his childlike spirit is clear, though he’s remarkably mature and capable for a nine-year-old. Father is pleased with his witty joke, not holding Almanzo’s childish nature against him while feeling confident that he’s a hard-working boy who is growing into a mature, smart man who can handle all the farm duties. Father’s opinion is important to Almanzo, as he must earn his respect and permission to finally have his own horse someday (his main goal in the novel), supporting the theme of Childhood and Coming of Age.

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