47 pages • 1 hour read
Gene Luen YangA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
A series of old-fashioned panels in black and white demonstrate that, in the second half of the 19th century, millions of immigrants came to the United States from Italy, Poland, and Croatia. This prompted the founding of many Catholic schools in response to the ethnocentric prejudice on the part of many Americans who did not want their children educated alongside immigrants in public schools. Basketball became very popular in Catholic schools because not much space was required to play it. George Mikan, the son of Croatian immigrants, was taunted for his 6’10” stature when he was a student at Saint Mary’s Croatian School, so he enrolled in a seminary in pursuit of becoming a priest. While he was playing for the seminary team, the coach at DePaul University offered Mikan a contract to play in college at DePaul University. Under the DePaul coach, Mikan learned to complement his tall stature with finesse through cross-training programs that included ballet classes. In a now-famous game that pitted the Kentucky Wildcats against the DePaul Blue Demons in 1943, Mikan blocked over one dozen shots—represented in an eye-catching block of nearly identical panels that read “SWAT!” (247)—which resulted in the rule against goaltending being adopted in 1943. Mikan won a total of seven NBA championships, and legendary Lakers player Shaquille O’Neal paid for his funeral.
The author likens Mikan’s penchant for basketball to his attraction to the priesthood, as both involve rituals, such as an opening hymn, handshakes, and the free-throw rituals that players develop. Catholic schools have won 32% of California’s state championships, and it is basketball that attracted present-day character Jeevin Sandhu, a student whose family is from the Punjab region of India, and who practices Sikhism, a faith founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century that is popular in Northern India and is the world’s fifth-largest religion. This religion, too, features rituals, many of which involve accessories such as kesh (uncut hair) or kara (an iron bracelet, such as the one worn by Jeevin). After Britain’s division of the Indian empire into Pakistan and India in 1947, Sikhs were subjected to forced relocation. Jeevin is taunted and called a terrorist, although Sikhs are subject to terrorism rather than perpetrators of it. Jeevin feels the racial discrimination against him on the basketball court, but he takes comfort in his mother, who encourages him to recognize the attacks as attempts to take him out of his game.
Catholicism, and Christianity in general, are all new to Jeevin when he enrolls in Bishop O’Dowd, and in a particularly evocative flashback, Jeevin recounts the incomplete way in which Mahatma Gandhi is revered in O’Dowd’s peace and justice studies class, when, in fact, Gandhi promoted the forced migration of Sikhs that resulted in the murder of nearly 500,000 followers of Jeevin’s faith. When Jeevin walks out of the lecture in anger, his history teacher invites him to do a presentation on Sikhism to offer the class a fresh perspective.
Mr. Yang notes in Jeevin a special propensity to bring players back into the fold by always being the first to offer fist pumps and lead prayers. In addition to singing the traditional “Star-Spangled Banner,” Jeevin says a prayer in Punjabi, and then takes his knuckles to the ground, his head, his heart, and then the sky to symbolize respect for his forefathers before each game.
January 10, 2015, finds the Bishop O’Dowd Dragons playing against the Sacramento High Dragons. Mr. Yang notes that even O’Dowd’s “large gym” is actually quite small, which makes the gym feel especially crowded. He also notices a man in a wheelchair leaving at the end of the game, whom he identifies as the elderly Phelps when Coach Lou greets him affectionately. Mr. Yang depicts himself with a thought bubble—which contrasts with the more common speech bubbles or descriptive boxes—in which he thinks to himself “no point in taking notes […] I’m leaving him out of the story” (271).
Mr. Yang later goes with the team to Springfield, Missouri, where the Bass Pro Shops Tournament of Champions attracts over 10,000 fans. The Bishop O’Dowd players joke about the preponderance of white people, and Jeevin taunts one player, Mikey, claiming that the Missourians are whiter than him. Mikey protests that, in fact, he goes “hunting and fishing and all that stuff” and, as a result, self-identifies as “redneck white” (272).
Mr. Yang cannot take notes when the team arrives at the arena because he receives a phone call from DC Comics announcing that they plan to reveal Superman’s identity in the comic that he is under contract to write. This upsets the author, who wonders to himself whether such a revelation could cause Superman to stop being Superman.
Meanwhile, Elijah forgot his shoes, but Austin Walker, an injured player, offers to loan him his sneakers. Although they try to escape detection, Coach Lou is suspicious and chides Elijah for not being prepared. An oversized speech bubble shows text such as “getting the spots,” “out-of-bounds guy,” “in-game adjustment,” and “basic two-three” (275) that runs into the margins and demonstrates Mr. Yang’s bewilderment at the fact that, although he understands the words, he does not understand what the coach means.
Mr. Yang hears the opposing fans call Jeevin an “f****** Arab” after he makes a shot. Arinze performs especially well at the game, but Alex Zhao struggles. Although they have only a three-point lead at halftime, the Dragons’ performance in the second half affords them a 53-39 victory. When the team watches the rest of the tournament, fans come up to ask players for their autographs. Alex dances comically to amuse his teammates while the marching band plays.
Back at home, Mr. Yang, as often, confides in his wife while they walk behind their kids—shown riding bicycles in front of them—that he has misgivings about revealing Superman’s identity. His wife is surprised to learn that he plans to accept the offer from DC Comics. Mr. Yang fears that his schedule will become very full. He surprises himself by catching a ball thrown by an apparition of a teenage Lou Richie, who appears in a panel in which he tells Yang that he has to “make tough choices, Yang-man” (281). This conversation with Coach Lou’s apparition is interrupted by his child, who prompts him to chase her down the road.
This chapter opens with a caption that explains the context of China’s “century of humiliation,” which began in the mid-1800s. China suffered severe economic and natural disasters that threatened the country’s prosperity. In 1895, Christian missionaries from the YMCA introduced Naismith’s burgeoning sport of basketball to China as a means of trying to strengthen the Chinese people, and, in turn, their country. Motivated by the West’s challenge to send a Chinese player and team to the Olympics, and eventually even host the Olympic Games, the Chinese worked hard at this new sport.
In 1949, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party expelled the YMCA from China but retained the sport of basketball, which developed in isolation until 1976, when his death allowed American basketball to be broadcast to a Chinese audience. The establishment of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) followed in 1995, and Chinese-born Wang Zhizhi and Yao Ming were drafted in 2001 and 2002, respectively; however, the former disappointed expectations with his NBA performance. Ming, too, had a slow start, and, as a result, public opinion began to re-adopt the belief that the Chinese were ill-equipped to play sports. Even Shaquille O’Neal mocked Ming; however, when Ming became the first player to block Shaq’s shots, he gained popularity as his performance improved. By his retirement in 2011, Ming was a three-time NBA All-Star. He honored his country at home by carrying the Chinese flag when the nation hosted the 29th Olympic Games—the first Olympics hosted in China—in 2008.
In a private interview with Mr. Yang, back in the present time of the book, Alex explains that, while Ming was a great player, his retirement left a void that other Chinese players were hard-pressed to fill. Seeking better competition to improve his play, Alex (called “Qianjun” when his parents say a tearful goodbye) comes to America. Taking a fateful step—depicted in the author’s characteristic close-up comic panel—into the airplane, Alex first attends a championship team in Rhode Island, but, when he plays against Ivan, he realizes that he seeks still greater competition in a bigger state. When he transferred to O’Dowd, a league restriction placed him as a junior on the JV team, but Alex explains that being challenged by Arinze, who was also a junior, enhanced his game. The chapter closes as Alex nonchalantly admits that in a 2014-2015 game (his only year on the varsity team), his teeth were knocked out, requiring dental surgery. The final page of the comic panel shows Alex reassuring his mom in a flashback and joking in the present with Mr. Yang, to whom he proudly demonstrates his fake teeth, saying, “[I]t’s only teeth” (318).
These chapters explore yet another variety of prejudice, specifically ethnocentrism (or a tendency to judge people from other cultures according to one’s own belief system). Like the alleged racism demonstrated up to this point in characters such as Coach Phelps and the gender discrimination faced by Georgeann Wells, anti-immigrant prejudice alienated Mikan to the extent that he was taunted even at a Catholic school. In this way, the author exposes the range of prejudices that plagued the history of American basketball.
These chapters are also revelatory in the sense that they acknowledge the systemic biases that underlie the existence of Catholic schools. Bishop O’Dowd, the present-day setting of most of the novel, is one such Catholic school. Although prior to these chapters, Catholic schools—including O’Dowd’s opponents in the games featured in the novel—were represented as places of competitive interscholastic play, Yang now reveals the unsavory history of prejudice that gave rise to the popularity of the Catholic school tradition in the US. Specifically, he reveals that the desire to keep children from families who were already established in the US separate from Italian, Polish, and Croatian immigrants’ children was the impetus for the establishment of these private schools. This revelation is at odds with popular views that idealize European immigrants’ arrival to the US as a welcoming land of opportunity.
These chapters also broaden the cultural depth of the novel. The author takes his readers to various geographic and chronological locations, including Eastern Europe, the Punjab Region of India, and 19th-century China. These micro-history lessons serve several purposes in the novel. First, they educate Yang’s young adult readers, explain the history of basketball in various parts of the world, and explore the rich histories of his O’Dowd characters’ families and ancestors. Adopting the pattern of beginning each chapter with a historical foray, Yang characterizes these chapter openings with comic panels that feature muted colors, occasionally in black and white, and characters with period-specific clothing and phrasing (e.g., a YMCA missionary to China says, “A strong nation is built by strong bodies” [293]). Yang weaves the unlikely combination of world history and the high-intensity American sport of basketball. In so doing, he demonstrates how the diversity of the sport and its current players have enriched the sport in its modern form. Not only has the sport of basketball expanded to the worldwide popularity that it currently enjoys, but the O’Dowd Dragons are a direct consequence of basketball’s exposure worldwide and interculturality; Coach Lou’s team would not be the same without the demographic and ethnic diversity of its players. Although he draws this connection subtly, the author juxtaposes racist comments made by modern fans with this multinational framework to suggest the irony inherent in these attitudes: Such racism attacks one of the features of basketball that makes it so compelling, its diversity.