61 pages • 2 hours read
Renée KnightA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The major mystery of Disclaimer revolves around uncovering the truth about what happened to Catherine, Nicholas, and Jonathan in Spain in 1993. Renée Knight shows how several characters, in their quest for the truth, subconsciously instead seek confirmation of their existing beliefs. Nancy, Stephen, and Robert are the main characters who warp evidence to fit a narrative they’ve already constructed. These characters stubbornly refuse to hear other versions of events, which draws them deeper into their own biases.
Nancy believes her son’s last act was an act of heroism, so she seeks out Catherine to understand why Jonathan would sacrifice himself for a boy he didn’t know. Catherine doesn’t want to burden Nancy with the crime her son committed, but Nancy reads Catherine’s silence as cruelty. Nancy believes Catherine is guilty of something, and the evidence she finds in Jonathan’s photos further confirms to her that Catherine is to blame for Jonathan’s death. Because she believes in Jonathan’s innocence, Nancy constructs a narrative of Jonathan’s last moments in which she paints Jonathan as a victim and Catherine as a promiscuous, uncaring mother who deliberately sought to manipulate him.
Using what Nancy imagined occurred between each of Jonathan’s photos, Stephen—holding unwavering faith in his wife and unwavering anger at Catherine—decides that even the more far-fetched elements ultimately work to “[release] the truth” (251) even if they do not conform to facts. For example, Jonathan’s photos include images he took of Catherine on the beach in her bikini, a common garment for women to wear near the ocean. However, since Jonathan also took sexually explicit images of Catherine, Nancy and Stephen interpret Catherine in the beach photos as being deliberately flirtatious. Nancy and Stephen believe their son and Catherine had a consensual affair because they refuse to recognize their son’s violent nature. After the book is published, Stephen continues to read all of Catherine’s behavior as indicative of her guilt and shamelessness. For him, her manicured nails and clean hair are signs that Catherine is “carrying on as if nothing happened” (95), which infuriates him. He believes all of her attempts to contact him are her trying to manipulate him, so he staunchly refuses to listen to her side of the story.
Robert also readily accepts Nancy and Stephen’s version of the truth because of his preexisting resentment for Catherine for her ability to always get her way. Despite acting like he supported Catherine’s decisions, Robert held unvoiced displeasure about her choices, particularly about her role as mother. For Robert, The Perfect Stranger also explains Catherine and Nicholas’s strained relationship, which he decides is the result of Catherine’s tendency to “put her own needs before her child’s” (121). Misreading the photos, Robert concludes that Catherine’s strange behavior is worry about her affair coming to light. Robert glosses over the pain and fear in Catherine’s eyes in the photos; instead, he believes he is seeing sexual “absolute abandon on Catherine’s face” (120) that shocks him. Jonathan forced Catherine to wear the lingerie Robert bought for her while she posed in the photos, but Robert reads her wearing the lingerie as a deliberate mockery of their marriage. Each photo and each passage in the book only confirm to Robert that Catherine has been manipulating him throughout their entire marriage, so for him, “she has lost her chance to give him her version” (141). Only after Stephen and Robert learn the actual truth of the rape do they recognize how their anger has blinded them from seeing the irrationality of their behavior.
Stephen’s descent into obsession explores how seeking justice can quickly cross into plotting revenge, particularly when the goal shifts from demanding accountability to provoking suffering. At first, Stephen and Nancy seek justice for themselves and their son. They believe Catherine deliberately concealed a connection with Jonathan that prompted him to sacrifice himself for Nicholas, so they want her to take responsibility for her actions. Since Catherine hasn’t technically committed a crime, the Brigstockes use The Perfect Stranger to force Catherine to own up to her culpability for their son’s drowning. Stephen is initially content to imagine Catherine feeling the guilt and shame of what she did 20 years ago, but her silence in response to receiving the book makes Stephen impatient and willing to cross the line into harassment. Stephen stalks Catherine online and in person, hoping to “see a sign that she feels something” (95), but all he sees is her going about her life as normal. Catherine eventually leaves a review of the book acknowledging Stephen’s pain for losing his son, but it doesn’t satisfy Stephen. For him, it doesn’t show enough emotion, and it doesn’t acknowledge the part she played in Jonathan dying.
This review becomes the tipping point that pushes Stephen across the boundary between seeking justice and seeking revenge. Stephen’s anger at Catherine’s review conjures up the idea that “she needs to know what it’s like” (104) to suffer as Stephen has. Jonathan’s death also ruined Stephen’s marriage and his career, so he wants Catherine to experience the same sorrows. Stephen fixates on making Catherine’s suffer, so all the actions he takes after this cataclysmic moment directly serve his goal of punishing her. In quick succession, he sends Robert the photos and book, brings the book and accusations of Catherine’s threatening behavior to her workplace, and uses a fake Facebook profile to push Nicholas further into depression. Stephen loses his moral compass so thoroughly that he sees Nicholas’s overdose as a happy accident and tries to kill the young man while he is in a coma. The quest for revenge completely corrupts Stephen’s mind; he dehumanizes Catherine, Robert, and Nicholas, seeing them only as tools to achieve his goal.
Hearing the truth about Jonathan’s behavior before his death from Catherine shakes Stephen out of his quest for revenge. Stephen returns to seeking justice, but this time on Catherine’s behalf. He acknowledges his role in tormenting her and her family, and in reparation for his actions, he decides to die by suicide and leave Catherine his full estate. Stephen’s final act is one of restorative justice, as the money from his house and Jonathan’s apartment are meant for Catherine to build a new life without the burden of the past. Robert continues to hate Stephen for what he did to his family, but Catherine chooses not to continue the cycle of retaliation. She already considered Jonathan’s death as justice for his crime, so she does not seek anything further from the Brigstockes.
The loneliness of keeping secrets affects several characters in the narrative; the resulting isolation creates immense psychological burdens that cause characters to act irrationally to keep their secrets hidden. Catherine has been holding onto her secret for so long that it has completely altered her interactions with family and friends. Catherine is always on guard, which leads her to be emotionally distant from her husband and son. The constant lying to protect her secret creates constant paranoia of being found out. After Catherine receives the book and the threat of exposure becomes more real, the burden of her isolated fear manifests physically in her insomnia, sweats, and nausea. The symptoms compound, making Catherine irritable and frustrated, but she doesn’t feel like she can alleviate this stress because “she has made the secret too big to let out” (28). The burden remains Catherine’s to bear alone, now with the added threat of being blackmailed. Catherine’s eventual relief comes when she can share her trauma by telling others about it. When she no longer has to fear her family discovering her secret, she can act more naturally and freely.
Stephen’s isolation begins with his grief over Jonathan, estrangement from his wife, grief over her death, and forced retirement, but his isolation grows as he seeks revenge against Catherine. As Stephen becomes obsessed with stalking Catherine, he spends more and more time holed up in his house away from others. The burdens of Stephen’s isolation are reflected in the state of his home. Stephen’s neglect of his house leads to grime, rot, and disorder; the decay mirrors his psychological decline—he has likewise neglected his mental wellbeing in his quest to get justice for his family. Stephen’s isolation also manifests in his hallucinations of Nancy. Stephen begins by simply associating Nancy’s blessing from beyond the grave with items he finds around the house, but he quickly moves to talking to Nancy aloud and believing she lives on inside of him. At the peak of his isolation-induced delirium, Stephen even hallucinates Nancy sitting in front of his laptop. The burden of being alone in his grief is so strong that he conjures Nancy up so he doesn’t have to let her go. The frenzy of Stephen’s life is only alleviated when he leaves the house, as he must behave normally to blend in with others. Like Catherine, Stephen also finds relief in being around other people, but when he returns home alone, he also returns to his agitated and grieving mindset.
Nicholas is isolated both by Catherine’s secret and by his own secrets, which make the young man depressed about the state of his life. He feels disconnected from his family, particularly his mother, and he fears his parents’ disapproval for not living up to their expectations. When he restarts his drug use to cope with his loneliness and gets fired from his job, he hides both things from Catherine and Robert. The resulting isolation leaves Nicholas even more dejected—an emotional spiral that makes him feel like he has no one to turn to other than his acquaintances with drug addictions and his shallow virtual friendships. Nicholas’s cut-off state makes him susceptible to Stephen’s manipulation, as the young man’s craving for attention and connection allows Stephen to easily catfish him with the fake Facebook profile and to fake a relationship. Nicholas tries to reach out to his mother when he feels helpless in the wake of Stephen’s torrent of information, but she misses the call and, therefore, the chance to help Nicholas digest what he has learned and learn the actual truth. Instead, Nicholas must deal with Stephen’s disinformation and the feelings it raises on his own, and the immense pain of the supposed revelations pushes him toward harder drugs. By the end of the book, Nicholas and Catherine overcome their secrecy and self-isolation by becoming open and honest with one another. Nicholas allows himself to be emotionally vulnerable with Catherine, and the two become closer through their shared burdens.
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