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51 pages 1 hour read

Dorothy Allison

Bastard Out Of Carolina

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1992

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Chapters 16-22Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 16 Summary

Ruth dies. Anney confesses that Ruth had practically raised her, and that Ruth loved having babies so much because, though she’d always felt ugly, a child was proof that some man had found her attractive. Anney is visibly upset over the death of her sister, and Bone too finds the loss startling and upsetting.

Chapter 17 Summary

As the family is preparing to attend Ruth’s funeral, Glen locks Bone in the bathroom and beats her. She resolves not to cry out, and her mother frantically pounds on the door as blows rain down on Bone’s legs. Afterwards, her mother asks her why she had to provoke Glen. She spends the night before the funeral with Raylene and tries to make sure that Raylene does not see the wounds on her legs. At the funeral, several of her family members (including Earle) are drunk, and Bone herself drinks both beer and whiskey. Drunk for the first time, she is not careful enough to hide the evidence of Glen’s beating, and Raylene sees her wounds. Her uncles beat Glen bloody outside while she listens to the sound of his body being thrown against the walls of the house. Anney cries, and apologizes for his behavior, telling Raylene that he loves her and her girls.

Chapter 18 Summary

Anney has moved with Bone and Reese into an apartment. It is small, damp, and smells like fish. She is unhappy, as is Reese, and Bone blames herself. Although Raylene tries to explain to Bone that nothing that has happened to her is her fault, her mother’s emotional distance and obvious anger seem to indicate otherwise. Even when Bone reaches out to her mother for comfort, she is met with her mother’s cold, flat facial expression and told to calm down. She wonders about Glen’s sexual abuse in particular: Had she encouraged it somehow? Had she actually enjoyed it? Did he single her out through some fault of her own? The thoughts repulse her, but they also confuse her because she does not understand the boundary between the abuse she has survived and her own burgeoning sense of herself as a sexual being. She is angry and dreams of a better, different future.

Her uncle Earle has a new wife, a very young woman, and Raylene is angry with him. This has become a pattern: dating, marrying, and leaving women who are all far too young for him. Bone tries to defend him, and Raylene expresses frustration that Bone would be so forgiving of such obviously problematic behavior. Still, Bone knows Earle primarily as a loving uncle and is unwilling to see his faults. Life continues to be difficult with Anney and Reese, and Bone maintains a close relationship with Raylene. When she tells her aunt of her social difficulties, Raylene explains to her that just because someone has nicer clothes than she does doesn’t mean that their life is better. When Bone challenges Raylene’s own life choices, Raylene responds that she is happy with the decisions that she’s made, that she never wanted to marry or have children, and that things worked out for her exactly as she’d planned them.

Chapter 19 Summary

Alma has a mental health crisis, in part because she’d recently lost a baby and wanted to try for another. Her husband Wade had not wanted to, and Alma had taken her temper out on her belongings and furniture. When Anney and Bone arrive, her house is in a state of complete disarray, and the two comfort her. Later, the men in the family discuss the “inherent” emotional instability of women, and Anney and Bone sit down to talk. Bone tells Anney that she knows that her mother will return to Glen, and that when she does so, Bone cannot go with her. She admits that she does not know what the right choice is for Anney and that she will not stand in her mother’s way, but that she will go to live with Raylene or another relative rather than endure more abuse.

Chapter 20 Summary

Bone moves in with Alma and is allowed to miss school. She hears from her sister Reese that Anney and Glen have started talking again. One day, Glen shows up at Alma’s while Bone is alone in the house. He tells Bone that she looks older and speculates that she’ll soon start dating boys. He tells her to make him a sandwich and she refuses. He becomes hostile and combative, accusing her of coming between him and Anney. He tells her that she and her mother have to come back, but Bone explains that she will never live with Glen again. Angrily, he grabs her and begins kissing her. When she stabs him with a butter knife, he begins to beat her. He then rapes Bone, but after he finishes and collapses on top of her, Bone looks up to see her mother in the doorway. Although Anney is initially livid, she eventually starts to cry and holds Glen to her. For the first time, Bone feels true hatred toward her mother.

Chapter 21 Summary

Bone is taken to the hospital, where an aloof doctor and a kind nurse examine her. The sheriff arrives and wants Bone to explain what happened. She cannot bring herself to tell him the story and is struck by how much he resembles Glen. She muses to herself that the world is full of such men, and she wants little to do with them. Raylene arrives and insists that what Bone needs is to be taken home.

Chapter 22 Summary

Raylene stays with Bone in the hospital and then brings her home. At her house, Raylene tells Bone that she had once been in love with a woman. She’d asked this woman to choose between Raylene and her child, and the woman chose her child. Raylene learned from that experience that we all do terrible things to the people we love. She explains to Bone that although Anney loves her, she doesn’t seem able to choose her over Glen. Bone seethes with an inner rage and is cold towards Raylene and Earle. Anney visits and tries talking to Bone. She cries, saying that she never meant for Bone to get hurt. She just wanted them all to be safe and happy. She loved Glen and was genuinely confused that he was able to mistreat her daughter. Bone wants Anney back but understands that this cannot be. The two cry together. When Anney gets up to leave, she places an envelope in Bone’s lap. It is her birth certificate, without the word “illegitimate” on it. She is sure that her mother will leave with Glen, perhaps move to Florida or California. Bone wonders what kind of person her mother had been before Bone was born, and what kind of woman she herself will grow up to become. She knows already that she, like the rest of the Boatwright women, is strong.

Chapters 16-22 Analysis

Much of the action at this point in the narrative centers around abuse, both physical and sexual. After a series of serious incidents, Bones understands that her mother will never stop enabling Glen. It is at this point in her Coming of Age that she develops the strength and agency to stand up to her mother. This happens in part because she is old enough to begin making her own decisions, but it is also because she is bolstered by her extended family.

Glen subjects Bone to yet another savage act of physical violence, although this time he is found out. Anney’s brothers beat him viciously in retaliation, and Anney leaves him temporarily. After Anney, Reese, and Bone move into an apartment on their own, Bone cannot help but notice how unhappy her mother and sister are. Because her mother blames her for their situation, Bone continues to feel shame and anguish about what she perceives her role is in the abuse: She fixates on the question of whether or not she provoked all of the abuse, and she also wonders even if she had “asked for” the sexual abuse, as Glen so often stated. Anney’s role as antagonist solidifies. She is unable even to comfort her daughter through her obvious anguish. Anney is so profoundly caught up in the cycle of abuse that she cannot make a full emotional break from Glen. Because she is so accustomed to forgiving him, she acutely feels the disruption of the cycle of abuse, although for her that disruption is negative: She wants to forgive Glen and repeat the pattern. Not having that option in this particular instance fills her with a dull resentment towards her daughter.

Raylene again makes up for Anney’s inability to center the needs of her child, and it is to Raylene that Bone turns to express the deep shame she feels about being poor. Raylene tries to explain to her that just because someone appears wealthy does not mean that they are happy, nor does it even indicate that all of their needs are being met. Although Bone responds to this wisdom by lashing out at Raylene, Raylene nonetheless cares for her niece. Because Anney has never been a proper role model, Bone has always turned to various family members, and Raylene’s increasing importance as the narrative progresses is meant to show her increasing influence as Bone enters adolescence.

Raylene expresses her frustration with Earle’s new wife, who is, in her estimation, far too young for him. Bone, however, does not take issue with Earle’s choice. It should be noted that there was greater leeway given to men during this time period, and even in this text women are subject to a double standard: Anney’s sexual indiscretion (sex out of wedlock) is punished in the form of the birth certificate, on which “illegitimate” is a mark of shame. Earle, although judged by Raylene, is largely left to do as he pleases. Though he marries several young women and habitually leaves them, Earle is not subject to shame from his community. This is a moment of engagement with the second-wave feminist movement, part of which was focused on sexual liberation and greater freedom for women to make their own choices in regard to their bodies, their sexuality, and their reproductive health. Through the juxtaposition of Earle and Anney and their sex lives, Allison shows the double standard that existed between women and men.

The climax of the novel, Glen’s beating and rape of Bone, happens when Bone stands up to her abuser and shows Glen her resilience and agency: She has decided not to return to Anney. Glen perceives this choice as a serious threat to their relationship. He worries that unless Bone returns, Anney will leave him. Glen rapes Bone after she tells Glen of her refusal, and when Anney walks in on the aftermath of the assault, it seems momentarily possible that she will finally choose her daughter’s safety over her husband. That she instead chooses Glen does not surprise Bone. The scene reinforces Anney’s characterization as an enabler: Even after witnessing the physical and sexual abuse of her daughter, Anney cannot hold Glen accountable. Though Anney remains in the cycle of abuse, Bone has finally determined to escape it.

Bone’s birth certificate features as prominently in the final scene of the novel as it did in the first scene. Although Anney chooses to leave Bone and stay with Glen, she does bring her daughter a birth certificate that certifies Bone as “legitimate.” This act matters more to Anney than to Bone. As Anney leaves, Bone realizes that she does not need her mother, but she also heeds Raylene’s advice: Raylene had explained that Anney was never going to choose her over Glen, and Bone is able to, if not forgive her mother, at least treat her character flaws with some degree of compassion. When Bone thinks to herself that she possesses an inner strength learned from her family members, and she includes her mother on that list. That she is able to look at the woman who enabled her many years of abuse and see both the bad and the good indicates maturity. Evoking strength, resilience, and understanding, the novel thus ends on a hopeful note.

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