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48 pages 1 hour read

Zoulfa Katouh

As Long as the Lemon Trees Grow

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 2022

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Chapters 1-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: As Long as the Lemon Trees Grow discusses and depicts martial violence (shootings, bombings, etc.), sexual assault, self-harm, death, and mental health struggles related to the Syrian Revolution.

Eighteen-year-old Salama Kassab buys lemons and bread at the run-down grocery store in her half-demolished town of Homs, Syria. She feels nostalgic about her deceased mother, but stops herself from lingering. She walks to her sister-in-law and best friend Layla’s home (as Layla is married to Salama’s brother Hamza), looking at the bombed ruins of her hometown. Salama helps daily at a local hospital, as the government’s sieges killed many doctors. Though she only attended a year of pharmacy school, her experience helps her care for the mortally wounded.

Layla is seven months pregnant, and pleads with Salama to get them safe passage away from the ongoing revolution. A man named Am at the hospital should be able to smuggle them by boat, as they can’t walk to Turkey with Layla being pregnant and the constant snipers. Salama feels torn about leaving, as she knows she’s needed to help patients, but promised Hamza that she’d take care of Layla before he and their Baba (father) left to fight in the war.

Alone in her bedroom, Salama’s fears take over. An embodiment of her dread, Khawf (Arabic for “fear”), appears in a dark suit with blood-like spots on his shoulders. Khawf insists Salama knows what he wants.

Chapter 2 Summary

About six months earlier, Salama lost everything. A bomb destroyed her home, leaving her with a concussion and her mother mortally wounded. Salama fell unconscious as she reached for her dying mother. Dr. Ziad, currently her coworker at the hospital, stitched her up. Later that day, Khawf appeared for the first time; Salama thought he was a hallucination born of her head injury and medical drugs, but he never left.

Now, Salama faces Khawf, who chastises her for not asking Am about a boat to freedom. Instead of focusing on her and Layla’s freedom, Salama saved a young boy from sepsis that day while his younger sister bled out from a sniper. Khawf gives voice to her fears, snapping at her about how she promised Hamza she’d keep Layla safe, that her guilt over leaving will cost her and Layla their lives, or lead to them being sexually assaulted or tortured by soldiers. He forces Salama to relive some of her worst nightmares, including when Hamza and Baba left for war and the day her mother died. She can’t save her family, as they turn to bloody, screaming monsters. Khawf ends the torture but asks if she wants to be the next to die.

Chapter 3 Summary

Still conflicted over whether or not to stay in Syria, Salama heads to work; Layla stays home to avoid snipers. Dr. Ziad, who sent his family to another country, became a necessary leader at the hospital—though he used to be an endocrinologist, he now performs life-saving procedures. Salama admires how calm Dr. Ziad is as she pushes through another day of gruesome treatments. When Hamza himself was attending medical school, and she was supposed to become a pharmacist, “I wasn’t made to cut into bodies, stitch wounds, and amputate limbs, but I made myself become that person” (28). Though they lack resources, their hospital is better than those in the Free Syrian Army’s control.

A bomb brings 17 injured people to the hospital. Under Dr. Ziad’s direction, Salama does her best to save them, bandaging people, resetting bones, and more. She spots Am, who advertises bringing people to safety, and thinks of Layla and Khawf requesting her to find information. Salama shyly approaches Am, and he reveals safe passage to Italy will cost her and Layla 4,000 dollars—and there is a wait list. When she pleads that Layla is pregnant, Am lets her skip the wait list, but she still needs more money. Khawf stares at her with wicked eyes.

Chapter 4 Summary

Salama sits and cries while she stares at two dead girls around age seven. Dr. Ziad comforts her, telling her that she must not work to the point of exhaustion. She states there are more patients, but he tells her to go home: “Your life is just as important as theirs” (39).

At home, Salama shares Am’s price with Layla. They feel sick that he is earning wealth from others’ suffering. Layla suggests they sell their family’s gold, but Am only wants money and Salama can’t imagine selling their generational gold. After daydreaming about their past, when Layla wanted to go to Norway to be a painter and Salama wanted to travel the world finding herbs and plants for medicine, Layla says she trusts Salama with her and her baby’s life. She then states she and Hamza will name the baby Salama if it’s a girl.

Chapter 5 Summary

That night, Khawf asks Salama about her plans to procure money for Am. She doesn’t know what to do, and Khawf insults her. He pushes her again to survive, to avoid the horrors he will show her. He reminds her that he never tires, that she can’t fight him because she can’t fight her mind.

At the hospital the next day, Salama tries to save a six-year-old boy, Ahmad, with internal bleeding. Dr. Ziad states the boy cannot be saved, as his brain is bleeding. Ahmad asks for his mother and if he’s going to die, which breaks Salama’s heart. She comforts Ahmad as he dies, promising he will see his mother soon. She prays for his soul.

Chapter 6 Summary

After Ahmad’s death, Salama weeps, staying beside him and holding his cold hands. A man about her age rushes in screaming for help for his younger sister, so Salama suppresses her grief and attends to him. The man, Kenan, pleads with her to come to his house, since his younger sister Lama had surgery from shrapnel in her stomach the day before and is doing terribly the next day. Salama follows him and finds Lama in pain, barely breathing and malnourished like many others. Kenan soothes Lama while Salama calmly attends to her. She surgically removes leftover pieces of shrapnel from Lama’s stomach and stitches her up. Kenan and his younger brother, Yusuf, mute from PTSD, weep happily. They thank Salama over and over.

Kenan offers to walk Salama back to the hospital, but she declines. She’s attracted to him but suppresses her romantic feelings. When she tries to leave, snipers’ gunshots ring out. Kenan insists she can’t go outside, and Salama recalls Layla having a close call with a sniper. She worries about Layla, but Kenan assures her that Layla will be fine. She stays at his house and checks on Lama.

Chapters 1-6 Analysis

Through exposition, Zoulfa Katouh develops Salama’s realistic perspective of the Syrian Revolution and the theme of Survival, Fear, and Patriotism:

I know that the military siege inflicted on us is a death sentence. That our food supplies are diminishing and we’re starving. I know the hospital is about to reach a point any day now at which medications will become a myth. I know this because I performed surgeries without anesthesia today: People are dying from hemorrhages and infections and there’s no way for me to help them (2).

Homs’s food shortages, lack of medical supplies, and deaths develop tension and establish the novel’s quick pacing and solemn tone. Salama’s thoughts also showcase her helplessness against a conflict outside of her control. Salama, like many others, must focus on survival—even if this means only eating once a day, enduring injuries without medication, and facing a slim chance of survival. In addition to the war, she faces an economical obstacle in Am, a smuggler, and is made stagnant by Khawf, the embodiment of her many fears. The weight of responsibility—from helping patients daily to keeping her sister-in-law Layla safe—hinders her decision as to whether or not to leave Syria. Salama endures almost every type of conflict, with Am’s price embodying an interpersonal conflict, Khawf’s presence embodying an internal conflict, and the Syria Revolution embodying an external conflict. Through these conflicts, she is forced to change. She already exhibits growth by asking Am about the boats leaving Syria, as Layla and Khawf persuaded her to seek refuge when she didn’t think leaving was moral. She is learning to put herself and Layla first, though she feels guilty about abandoning future patients.

Khawf represents the theme of Mental Health: The Power of One’s Internal World. Though presented as an antagonistic force at first, he uses fear to ensure Salama’s survival. By showing Salama past memories, such as the death of her mother in a bombing, he reveals more of her backstory and gives her character depth. Khawf uses these memories and nightmares to fuel her:

So I take it you want to be crushed under this house. Alive and broken and bleeding. No one coming to save you because how could they? Muscles as atrophied by malnourishment as yours are can barely lift bodies, let alone concrete. Or maybe you want to be arrested. Taken to where your Baba and Hamza are. Raped and tortured for answers you don’t have. Have the military dangle death as a reward and not a punishment. Is this what you want, Salama? (16).

Along with Layla, his foil, Khawf convinces Salama to prioritize her own life; Salama’s coworker Dr. Ziad echoes this sentiment. Khawf uses fear as a motivator for change, helping Salama find the courage to escape Syria rather than face a likely death. While she recognizes the well-dressed man as a figment of her mind (as she suffers from PTSD and a skull fracture), it is later revealed that Layla is a coping mechanism as well. Her mind created both figments to convince herself to survive out of fear and love for her friend. Khawf’s realism contrasts with Layla’s optimism; while Khawf uses fear tactics to push Salama to leave, Layla gently convinces her to honor Hamza’s wish to protect her unborn child. This balance between Khawf and Layla is necessary to progress the plot because Salama herself is indecisive.

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