54 pages • 1 hour read
Xóchitl GonzálezA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes descriptions of disordered eating, misogyny, racism, and murder.
New York City, Fall 1985
Anita is at a party thrown by Tilly Barber, her husband’s gallerist. Although Tilly’s parties have changed little since the 1970s, few decline her invitations. Today, this particular group is a jumbled mix of “haves” and “have nots,” and there is an overabundance of alcohol and little to eat. Recently, the art world has slowly begun to diversify, and artists of color are beginning to make their appearance at these gatherings. Now, Anita is distractedly listening to a story as she waits for her husband Jack to arrive. Jack, a physically imposing man who has an equally large stature within the art world, makes his entrance slowly and with gravitas, enjoying the attention as he always does. He first finds Tilly rather than Anita. Noticing this, Anita heads into the kitchen to speak with both Tilly and Jack. Jack congratulates Anita for selling a few new pieces, and both he and Tilly are surprised that Anita is going to have a solo show at an important gallery. Anita asks for the music to be turned up, thinking wryly that although this might irritate Tilly, she will tolerate it because she, like so many others, enjoys seeing the stereotypes about Latinx women confirmed, and she will be pleased that Anita is dancing passionately. Anita also reveals that later, after she falls from a window, people will recall seeing her dancing at this party.
Providence, Spring 1998
Raquel arrives at Professor Temple’s office. She is hung over but feels unintimidated by the professor’s stature within the art world. Raquel is a student at Brown, and she has just been awarded an important summer curatorial fellowship in the Contemporary Art Department at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). Raquel loves art but wants to diversify the art world, and she recalls feeling that way even as an adolescent, when her mother worked at the Met’s cafeteria and she worked in its gift shop. Although she enjoys Professor Temple’s class, she finds its curriculum to be too focused on white artists. She tells Dr. Temple that she will be working with Belinda Kim in her fellowship. Dr. Temple frowns; unlike Dr. Kim, he does not think that an artist’s identity has a bearing on their art. He warns Raquel not to get too close to Dr. Kim. As the two part, she tells him that she plans to write her thesis on Jack Martin, and he smiles.
Claire, Margot, and Mavette are members of a clique that Raquel thinks of as the “Art History Girls.” They are highly privileged and are not her friends. They have parents who are heavily involved in the art world, and they feel more at home at Brown than Raquel does. Mavette, who is Lebanese by way of Paris, is “almost” friends with Raquel, mostly because the two girls are the only ones in their department who are not white. However, Mavette grew up abroad and has different ideas about race than Raquel does, and there is a noticeable distance between them. The Art History Girls will be spending the summer in Europe, having decided to devote their time to finding “eurotrash boyfriends.” The girls recently took a course on feminism and are rethinking their ideas about marriage and gender norms. Being single and having fun is their new goal. Raquel reasons that because their families are well-connected, they do not need the kind of summer internship that she hopes will allow her to forge connections in the art world.
On Sundays, Raquel provides programming for WBRU, Brown’s indie radio station, along with her friend and fellow Brown student Marcus, who is uninterested in the art world. They do share an interest in music, and he sometimes accompanies her to art events. She invites him to the show of Nick Fitsimmons, a senior whose work does not merit its popularity, in her opinion. There, they encounter the Art History Girls, who slyly tell Raquel that they think Marcus is a “hot, [B]lack” guy and ask her to hang out. Although she is unsure whether to enter their orbit, she agrees. She meets the artist, Nick, whose sister is a friend of hers, and is surprised by how unassuming he is. Despite her low opinion of his talent, she agrees to his invitation to go out for drinks.
Berkeley, Winter 1980
Anita tries to pinpoint the beginning and ending of her relationship with Jack. She finds it difficult to identify where their relationship began to end, in part the relationship’s inequality doomed it from the beginning. (She had always been forced to choose Jack over herself.) Now, she decides that perhaps his Berkeley show was where things truly began to unravel. By that time, Anita had already given up several important fellowships because Jack did not want her to leave New York, even though he knew how difficult she found it to create art in that space. At this party, as always, he takes the spotlight, and she is relegated to the sidelines. He tries to get her to regale everyone with a fabricated story about her parents having been jailed in Cuba for their support for Castro, but instead, she tells the truth. Her parents had been middle class, and although they were critics of Batista, her father was jailed in communist Cuba because of his Catholicism; he was not persecuted for having revolutionary beliefs.
New York City, Fall 1985
Jack and Anita have just returned from a party. Although the two have been at odds for years, their arguments have become increasingly angrier and more intense. Anita knows that Jack does not value her as an artist, and although he would love his low opinion to impact her self-image, she believes in her talent and understands her work. She resents Jack for trying to relegate her to the sidelines and for his many affairs. He has always been unhappy whenever Anita secures fellowships and residencies that take her away from New York, and although he has always cheated on her, his clandestine relationships have become more intense and frequent ever since she began to spend months away from him at a time. Hypocritically, Jack blames Anita for these affairs and maintains that she could just as easily work in New York. (This is not true; she struggles to access creativity there). He accuses her of driving him into the arms of other women with her travel and absences. He also finds her overbearing. Her personality is too loud, too vivacious, and he thinks that it might be time to end things.
Providence, Spring 1998
Raquel is going through the Art History Girls’ medicine cabinet. She is curious about their toiletries, having been introduced to the kind of soaps, lotions, and makeup that “rich girls” use when she started attending Brown. After perusing for a while, she returns to the small gathering that Claire, Mavette, and Margot have invited her to. The topic of conversation is Raquel, or rather her budding relationship with Nick Fitzsimmons, a name known to everyone on campus. Raquel does not want to admit how quickly she has fallen for Nick, and she tries to play it cool. The conversation takes a sudden turn when Margot accuses Raquel of being a racist; before Nick, no one can remember Raquel having a white friend or partner. Raquel tries to explain that this is not the case, but the girls begin to complain about “minorities” who play “victim,” and Raquel tears up. They accuse her of dating Nick for his family’s influence, as they are wealthy art patrons. They also accuse her of sleeping with her advisor, Dr. Temple.
Raquel leaves the dinner for another date with Nick. She tells him about how horrible the girls were, and he explains that he has spent his entire life around girls like that, and that they were always “the worst.” She talks about the difficulty of being a student of color at Brown and tells him about her friend Denise, who was accepted into Notre Dame but had chosen to go to one of the New York state schools where she was surrounded by other people of color and was happy. Nick, not realizing his gaffe until he speaks, tells Raquel that “self-improvement” is probably better than going to a state school. Although she is offended, the comment does not cause a conflict, and the two proceed together to a party at neighboring RISD. There, Raquel runs into her friend Julian. While the two are talking, Nick’s sister Astrid nearly overdoses on Ketamine, and the host asks Nick to remove her from the party. Annoyed that Raquel was talking to someone else when he was looking for her, Nick snaps at her. The two have sex later that night. It is Raquel’s first sexual encounter, and she does not enjoy it.
New York City, Fall 1978
Anita recalls the beginning of her relationship with Jack. At the time, her friend Leslie, a white woman who ran the Venus Collective and was a champion of artists of color, had invited him to speak about feminist art at an event for Anita in Iowa. Jack’s presence provided major publicity, and although the event was packed, the attendees were mostly there to see Jack. Anita, whose art is deeply personal and is rooted in her sense of Cuban identity, felt that she was lost in the shuffle of so many self-important men. Jack is famous for eschewing identity politics in relation to art, and she knows that he does not understand her work. Anita remembers growing angry at the fact that her art was being ignored by white men talking about feminism. She also remembers that at the end of the show, her pieces spontaneously fell from their hooks, the glass shattering. She reasoned that her art didn’t like being ignored any more than she did. After the event, she and Jack had talked and eventually began dating.
Providence, Spring 1998
Marcus and Raquel are at the radio station. Marcus is doing his show, the 360- Degree Black Experience. Marcus dedicates a song to Nick on Raquel’s behalf, and she is angry, but both agree that Nick probably isn’t listening to their show. Marcus gives Raquel a hard time about her “white boy” and also comments on how skinny she has become. Although she is reluctant to admit it, Raquel has lost weight. She knows that she is succumbing to “first world” beauty standards, but resembling the slender-bodied white girls on campus has made things easier for her. Her weight loss was particularly pronounced and noticeable in her first year. Although she told her mother that she was eating better, the truth is that being with Nick has only exacerbated her disordered eating. However, she believes that she is happy with him; he leaves sweet messages on her machine, and the two spend a great deal of time together. Still, she cannot help but notice that she is more relaxed in her dorm room than in Nick’s spacious quarters.
After seeing Marcus and spending days with Nick, Raquel is happy to be back home in her room. She listens to her messages. Her mother and Nick have called, and she even receives a message from Mavette, who called to apologize for not standing up for her on the night that the Art History Girls called her a racist. Professor Temple also called to offer her a collection of materials related to Jack Martin for her thesis project. She listens to all the messages and then settles down to study.
New York City, Fall 1985
Anita recounts the day that she died. At that time, she and Jack were still unhappy. They had never truly been a good couple, and she speculates that she returned to him over and over mostly out of loneliness. On the morning that she died, she had planned to leave Jack for good. She and a friend had gathered evidence of his infidelities, and she had consulted a divorce lawyer. Knowing that Jack loved nothing more than money, she planned to take half of everything that he had and move on. She was tired of his affairs, his constant disrespect, his belittling, and his dismissal. He had even accused her of stealing his artistic ideas. Their entire relationship had been built around Jack and his needs, and Anita was done. She put on a thong, pretended to seduce him, and then showed him the file of evidence that she had prepared for the attorney. Jack flew into a fit of rage and began beating her. As she tried to escape his grasp, he threw her from the apartment window. As she fell, Anita recalled falling into the deep, cool blue of the ocean. She came to on Varadero Beach, back home in her beloved Cuba.
Part 1 introduces each of the novel’s narrators: Anita, Raquel, and Jack. Through Gonzalez’s depiction of Anita’s relationship with Jack, the novel explores the inherent eurocentrism of the art world and the damaging impact that toxic masculinity can have on heterosexual romantic relationships. Through the chapters that detail Raquel’s experiences at Brown, toxic masculinity is further explored, as are the difficulties that Raquel faces as a Latinx woman in a majority-white space.
Through Anita’s experiences of her marriage and the social world of the 1980s New York art scene, it becomes apparent that her life is deeply affected by the politics of race and ethnicity. Although Anita observes that the art world is beginning to diversify, she is one of the artists of color on the vanguard of that diversification process, and she struggles to gain the recognition and respect that her work deserves. As the more privileged members of the art world repeatedly marginalize and dismiss her art, she recognizes that this dynamic is a reflection of the inherent Eurocentrism in the Art World. She struggles to gain recognition for her work even in her marriage and among her husband’s inner social circle, as is evidenced by Jack’s outright surprise whenever she wins awards, sells pieces, or is given solo shows. At the various parties and events she attends with Jack, she intuits the fact that she is viewed as a spectacle, for even Tilly Barber, her husband’s closest friend, sees her as a “fiery Latina.” As Anita observes wryly, “Americans love to see Latins dance. Dance, fuck, fight. Anything really, that’s meant to be done with passion” (8). However, the implicit flip side of this prejudice is that few people bother to get to know the real Anita because they cannot see anything other than their own preconceived notions of what an artist from Latin America should be and do.
The novel’s dual timelines are designed to reinforce the novel’s dominant themes, for at Brown, more than a decade later, Raquel must also navigate rampant eurocentrism and racist stereotypes. As another Latinx woman in a majority-white space, she also feels the sting of frequently being labeled as someone “Other.” Her response to Eurocentrism in the Art World is to point out the complete lack of diversity among the artists featured in her curriculum, and she also challenges the notion that artists of color have not contributed meaningfully to American art in the 20th century. This determined stance establishes her as a character who is invested in social justice, and when she urges her professor to alter his course materials, the interaction demonstrates her fearlessness and her willingness to take action. As she grows more comfortable with herself and begins to develop these qualities, they will ultimately allow her to reconnect with her inner strength and embrace a stronger sense of her unique adult identity.
Although Raquel is keenly aware of the ways in which the politics of race play out in both the art world and the social scene at Brown, she still struggles, making many personal concessions in her quest to belong. The Effects of Affluence and Class-Based Prejudice become apparent when the popular girls in the art history department mostly ignore her, and even when she is granted access into their inner circle, the social situation quickly goes awry. Ironically, the “Art History girls’” own ingrained racism manifests when they accuse Raquel of being a racist for not having any white friends before she began dating the ultra-rich and successful Nick Fitzsimmons. Faced with this injustice, she desperately and unsuccessfully tries to explain to them that racism is a systemic issue and that “minorities,” by definition, cannot be racist. When Raquel gives up and leaves in infuriated tears, this marks an important moment in the novel, for through Raquel’s words, Gonzalez endeavors to educate her readers and address a set of complex ideas about race. The notion that person-to-person prejudice and racism are related but different phenomena is a fairly new concept. In the eyes of the author and in contemporary discourse, “racism” refers to the systemic disenfranchisement of minoritarian racial groups; its effects are apparent in unjust housing policies and unequal access to education, jobs, and healthcare. These are the underlying reasons for Raquel’s argument that by definition, she cannot be racist, for as a Latinx woman, she is the victim of a white supremacist society. Person-to-person prejudice, on the other hand, refers to moments of discrimination perpetrated by individuals, and with this particular scene, the author seeks to highlight the marked difference between the two terms.
In addition to the systemic racism and person-to-person prejudice amongst students at Brown, Raquel also experiences discrimination in her romantic relationship. The interactions between her and make it clear that Nick is not fully aware of the many ways in which he has been shaped by both race and class privilege, and his own biases are revealed when he equates the decision to attend a majority-white college rather than a smaller, more diverse campus as “self-improvement” for students of color. His statement makes the implicit assertion that only majority-white spaces can offer an individual a genuine opportunity for success; by extension, he implies that students of color must assimilate into dominant cultural values in order to find social, vocational, or academic advancement. Nick’s attitude contrasts sharply with that of Marcus, Raquel’s Black friend, who feels much more comfortable in diverse spaces and allows Raquel the freedom to be who she is. He also facilitates her interest in cultural products that reflect her identity and supports her in whatever decisions she makes.
As Anita and Jack’s relationship devolves, their interactions showcase the novel’s interest in dissecting The Damaging Impact of Toxic Masculinity. Jack becomes increasingly controlling, guilting Anita into giving up fellowships that would take her away from him and from New York, even though she struggles to do any creative work in the city. Because Anita’s art is deeply tied to the earth, she finds it difficult to access her creativity in a space that is so far from the natural world, and ass her husband and a fellow artist, Jack should realize this and respect her creative process. However, he instead prioritizes himself and his own career, valuing Anita for the support that she gives him, not for who she is as an individual. Indeed, he is often irritated by what he terms “the constant spectacle of being the husband of Anita de Monte” (51). This contemptuous remark implies that Jack would prefer Anita to shrink her personality and mold herself into the quiet accessory that he wants in a wife; her diminishment would make him look more interesting by comparison. Because Anita does not play the role of silent supporter well enough and because her art continues to garner acclaim, he begins to cheat on her, and his escalating abuse culminates in Anita’s murder. Through this dramatic representation, Gonzalez suggests that misogynistic men are inherently capable of gender-based violence and that if left unchecked, toxic masculinity can be deadly to the women it targets.
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