53 pages • 1 hour read
William FaulknerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
A woman stands beside the old eastern city gate and scrutinizes the faces of those who pass her by. As news of the mutinous French regiment spreads, people flock to the town of Chaulnesmont. Anyone related to the mutinous soldiers is arrested and held for punishment. The section-leaders, officers, and N.C.O.’s were all taken by surprise when the men refused to leave their trench to attack, “acting without communication as one man” (123). They have sought the Generalissimo’s permission to execute the mutinous soldiers. The related civilians feel “drawn to the city” (124) due to a collective sense of dread and anguish. In many ways, they have grown “used to the war” (125) after four years of violence. Ironically, the only thing that can save the men who stopped the war is the resumption of the war. The civilians feel “rage and consternation” (126) that a small group of 13 men has caused 3,000 soldiers to mutiny. The corporal who is leading this small group is an enigma. He is of an unknown nationality and seems to have appeared from nowhere to corrupt his fellow soldiers. For two years, they have spread their message to French, British, and American soldiers. They may even have crossed no-man’s land to spread their message to the enemy.
The crowd follows the mutinous soldiers transported through the town in trucks toward the prison compound. They line up along the fence without any plan of what to do. The crowd returns to town as the armed soldiers watch them, viewing them like a “herd of Western cattle” (132). Back in the town square, the crowd fills the space and expects that the execution order has already been sent. They realize that they must wait throughout the day as the sentries rotate through their shifts. In the afternoon, a staff car arrives with a division commander and a staff officer. The staff officer carries two sabers, indicating that the division commander is also under arrest. The crowd realizes that the regiment will be executed. The crowd sends that it is “too late” as they see the provost-marshals who are appointed to oversee internal disciplinary measures such as the execution of mutineers. The crowd knows that they will not be able to return to the prison camp in time to avert the executions. Then, however, nothing happens. The crowd watches couriers ride away on motorcycles and then the sun sets. Three songs are played on bugles as the sentries are changed. The crowd disperses.
The runner joins the battalion in 1916, just before the First Battle of the Somme. As he waits for his orders from the brigadier, he watches the officers tell a private that “someone from America” (141) has been trying to locate him. On learning that he is being sought by an African American minister named Reverend Tobe Sutterfield, the private refuses anything to do with him. Later, the runner sees the same private collecting money from the other enlisted men. A motorcade containing important people, as well as Reverend Sutterfield, arrives for a brief meeting with the private and the runner tries to find out more about the man. As the months pass, he investigates the private’s scheme of taking money from the other men as a form of life insurance. He meets Reverend Tobe Sutterfield to learn more about the private.
Sutterfield tells the private’s story, beginning in 1912. The private was a groom who traveled to America with a racehorse owned by an Argentine millionaire. By the time he returned to Britain in 1914 to enlist in the Army, he seemed like “a new man” (151). He was sent to America with the horse because of a sincere affinity between him and the animal. Once the bond formed between the private and the horse, the horse became a record breaker and was soon sold to an American oil baron. At the time, Sutterfield was also a groom in the oil baron’s stables. The horse was injured in a railway accident, so the private, Sutterfield, the injured horse, and the 12-year-old jockey went on the run. They traveled from town to town, competing in and winning races, while the baron, the police, and insurance company representatives tried to find them. The private earned money by stealing and playing dice games. When a news story about a victorious horse “running on three legs” (157) reached the mainstream media, the pursuers renewed their efforts. However, the small group of the horse, the private, Sutterfield, and the young jockey always seemed ahead of them, always moving on to the next town. The owner of the horse refused to give up and offered a large reward to find the missing group. When the pursuers finally tracked the group down, the private shot the horse in the head. The group was arrested and interrogated by the deputy, who speculated that the private stole the horse so that it could “keep on running” (163), rather than being taken back to the stables where it would be put out to stud. The deputy, acting independently, tried to arrange for a lawyer to free the group but the group escaped unexpectedly before the lawyer could act. The body of the horse also vanished.
With the group still supposedly in possession of a vast sum of money (won by betting on the horse), the lawyer and the deputy set about tracking them down again. A description of the group was circulated, and the owner offered a large reward for their capture. The deputy and the lawyer wanted to protect the group, whereas the owner wanted to punish them. Seven days later, the lawyer heard a knock on the door of the jail, where he remained on the deputy’s instructions. Sutterfield was outside. Sutterfield was arrested, and after the public rushed into the jailhouse, the lawyer and the turnkey took Sutterfield into the courtroom. The lawyer told the crowd that Sutterfield had been “illegally arrested” (173). Thinking about the vast sum of money rumored to be in Sutterfield’s possession, the turnkey tried to free Sutterfield. The lawyer told him that, instead, he must put Sutterfield in a cell for the time being.
The turnkey smuggled Sutterfield out of the courthouse while the lawyer distracted the crowd. He insisted that Sutterfield “hasn’t got any money” (178). Sutterfield admits that he only returned to the town to say goodbye to his friend, the private, who was returning to England. The lawyer tried to stall the crowd but they pushed past him. He looked out the window and saw the turnkey crossing the square with Sutterfield, who was reunited with the teenage jockey. The crowd spotted them as well, spilling out of the courthouse and into the square. The turnkey, armed with a pistol, ordered them to stop. The crowd overwhelmed him and demanded that Sutterfield tell them how much money the group won by betting on the three-legged horse. Sutterfield said only that they won “a heap” of money. The crowd told him to take the train and leave town as they do not like wealthy African Americans.
Sutterfield finishes telling the story to the runner. The group reunited and vanished. Sutterfield describes how the private hid in a small mountain community during their time apart. He joined the Masons and ascended through the ranks until news of World War I reached him, when he left without explaining why. By the time Sutterfield and the jockey arrived, the private was gone. Sutterfield and the jockey traveled to France; the young jockey quickly picked up French. For two years, they searched for the private during the war. When they finally found him, the private “barely spoke” to his old friends. Sutterfield explains that the private is not ready to speak yet. He tells the private to contact him “when [the private] needs [him]” (204). The private remembers the first time he saw the mutinous French regiment of 13 men. They were known among the various armies and always moved around the backlines but their discussions of peace and the idea that “we can stop fighting if enough of us want to” (205) was tantamount to mutiny. He followed the regiment closely. Shortly before the mutiny, the private met Sutterfield again. Days later, as the “blank anti-aircraft shells” (207) were carried past him, he was beaten by the sergeant and lost two teeth. Hurt, he laid on a dirt ledge in an empty dugout. He made excuses to go to the latrine and left the trench, watching events unfold from a distance. He saw the aircraft above, seeing the German plane landing on the British base. After half-heartedly trying to gain entry to the base, he departed for Paris.
The corporal and his disciples are kept in a hastily erected prison camp which is guarded by French colonial troops. The men from Senegal are not given any dialogue in the novel but their presence serves a variety of functions. First, it illustrates the global nature of the conflict, in which France has drafted men from thousands abroad to defend its borders against a neighbor. Second, the Senegalese troops are distinguished from the townspeople and the mutinous troops. They are purposefully installed in this prison because of their otherness, because—the officers presume—they lack the personal attachments to the prisoners that are held by the townspeople. The Senegalese guards also highlight the colonial nature of the military conflict. After being colonized, people from countries such as Senegal are shipped to France and given menial tasks and denied the higher ranks of officers to fight a war on behalf of their oppressors. The officers chose them because they believed that they have no personal connection to the imprisoned or the townspeople, but the Class War theme of the novel illustrates how the colonial subjects drafted into the army are exploited similarly to the European men fighting in the trenches and the civilians toiling in the fields.
The story of the private is an extended narrative that takes place outside the confines of the story of the corporal. The private and the corporal share a level of empathy which transcends their surroundings. They are able to convince others—often people with whom they share little in common—to see the similar nature of their causes. Whether the private is stealing special racehorses and winning huge sums across the United States or the corporal is inspiring men to refuse to fight in a brutal war, they are different aspects of the same supernatural character. The private and the corporal are not explicitly referred to as the same person, but people like Sutterfield and the runner become convinced that they share something essential in common, contributing to the theme of Myth and Glory that the men inspire by their enigmatic actions and ideals.
The runner also possesses similar traits to the corporal, but he is defined by his empathy. The empathy which compelled him to drop down the ranks, unable to agree with the manner in which the officers were waging the war, is the same empathy which draws him to the corporal. He is fascinated by the man with a simple message and fascinated by the way in which it spreads. While men like the sentry brutally reject the runner’s attempt to engage with them, he is not dissuaded. He empathizes with the corporal and is inspired by the corporal, eventually encouraging others to replicate the peaceful protests that the corporal preached. If the officers are marked by their disdain for the common lives of the enlisted men, then the runner is evidence that some—even those who might be considered to be of the officer class at one time—can retain their empathy amid the brutality of the war.
By William Faulkner
Allegories of Modern Life
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American Literature
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Appearance Versus Reality
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Challenging Authority
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Class
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Class
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Colonialism & Postcolonialism
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Fate
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Fear
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Grief
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Hate & Anger
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Historical Fiction
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Mortality & Death
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Nation & Nationalism
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Nobel Laureates in Literature
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Order & Chaos
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Power
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War
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